Nepal ndi dziko lachikhalidwe chodabwitsa. Anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana akhala ku Nepal kuyambira kalekale. Izi zapangitsa kuti chikondwerero cha zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana. Zina mwa zikondwererozi zimakondweretsedwa ku Nepal yonse, pomwe zina zimakondwerera m'madera ena.
Okhulupirira nyenyezi amakonza masiku a zikondwerero zambiri potsatira kalendala yoyendera mwezi. Zikondwererozi zimakondweretsedwa mwachidwi kwambiri, ndipo pokhala ndi zikondwerero zoposa 50, Nepal ingatchedwe dziko lachikondwerero. zikondwerero.
Zina mwa zikondwerero zazikulu za Nepal ndi izi:
Dashain:
Dashain ndi chikondwerero chachikulu kwambiri ku Nepal ndipo chikuyimira kupambana kwa chabwino pa choipa. Chikondwererochi ndi nthawi yokumananso kwa mabanja, kusinthana madalitso ndi mphatso, kuwonjezera pa ma pujas okonzedwa bwino.
Ndichikondwerero cha mphamvu yachikazi chodziwika ndi kupembedza kwa Mkazi wamkazi Durga m'mipangidwe yake isanu ndi inayi tsiku lililonse la masiku asanu ndi anayi oyambirira a chikondwererocho. Phwandoli likuwonetsanso kupambana kwa Lord Ram pa mfumu ya ziwanda, RavanaNthano zachihindu zimanena za kupambana kwa ubwino, “Durga,” pa chiwanda chotchedwa “Mahisasur.” Mulungu wamkazi anapha chiwandachi pankhondo yomwe inatenga masiku angapo.
Dashain amakondwerera masiku 15, ndipo tsiku lililonse limakhala ndi tanthauzo lake. Pa tsiku loyamba, "Ghatasthapana" kwenikweni amatanthauza kukhazikitsa mphika. The 10th Tsikuli limadziwika ndi kudya Tika (kadutswa kakang'ono ka red vermilion kosakaniza ndi yogurt ndi mpunga, komwe ndi kwapadera ku Nepal), Jamara (mitengo ya barele, chimanga, mbewu za mpunga), ndi madalitso ochokera kwa akuluakulu.
Dashain imapezeka nthawi yobweretsa mwezi umodzi mpaka mwezi wathunthu mu Okutobala.
Tihar:
Tihar ndi phwando la magetsi ndipo ndi lapadera chifukwa limasonyeza kulemekeza Milungu ndi zinyama zomwe zatumikira anthu bwino.
Chikondwererocho chinayamba ndi Yama, mulungu wa imfa, ndi mlongo wake, Yamuna. Akuti adamutumiza kuti akamucheze kangapo ndipo, pamapeto pake, adapita kukawona yekha mchimwene wake. Anamulambira ndi tika ndi maluwa, akuzungulira ndi mafuta a mpiru ndi "Dubo" - mtundu wa udzu ndipo anapempha Yamaraj kuti asapite mpaka mafuta, "Dubo," ndipo duwalo litauma, kotero mlongo aliyense ankalambira mchimwene wake akufunira moyo wautali.
Kuyambira pa kulambira khwangwala, agalu, ng’ombe, ndi ng’ombe mpaka kulambira Yama, Mulungu wa Imfa, Laxmi, Mkazi Wachikazi Wa Chuma, ndi madalitso a abale ake, Tihar akumaliza zonsezi ndi chikondwerero cha masiku asanu. Imazindikiridwa ndi kuunikira nyumba ndi makandulo, nyali zoyatsira mafuta, ndi magetsi. Kusewera nyimbo zamtundu wa Deusi ndi Bhailo kumachitikanso nthawi ya Tihar.
Nthawi ya Tihar imatengera mwezi watsopano, womwe ukhoza kugwa mu Novembala kapena Okutobala.
Chhath:
Chhath Puja ndi chikondwerero chomwe chimachitikira kupembedza mulungu wa dzuwa, Surya, yemwe amapembedzedwa ngati mphamvu ya moyo wapadziko lapansi, ndi mlongo wake Chhathi Maiya kufuna kutetezedwa kwa chitetezo cha ana ake ndi moyo wawo wautali.
Phwandoli limaphatikizapo miyambo ndi miyambo yomwe imalemekeza dzuŵa ndi chiyembekezo chopatsidwa moyo wautali ndi wathanzi kwa iyemwini ndi okondedwa anu. Chikondwerero cha Chhath chapezeka ku Ramayana ndi Mahabharata.
Ku Ramayana, kuyambikaku akuti kunayamba ndi Ambuye Ram ndi mkazi wake Sita, omwe pobwera kuchokera ku ukapolo akuti adasunga kusala kudya polemekeza mulungu Dzuwa ndikuswa kokha ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa. Izi zidachitika ku Chhath puja. Ali ku Mahabharata, mwana wa Ambuye Surya, Karna, akutchulidwa kuti amapemphera kwa mulungu wa Dzuwa atayima m'madzi ndikupereka nsembe kwa osowa.
Mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi, Chhath tsopano akuphatikizapo chikondwerero cha masiku anayi chomwe chimaphatikizapo kusamba kopatulika, kusala kudya, kulambira, ndi kupereka nsembe kudzuwa pakutuluka ndi kulowa kwadzuwa. Phwando limagwa nthawi ina mu Okutobala kapena Novembala.
Maha Shivaratri:
Maha Shivaratri amakondwerera mulungu wachihindu Shiva. Chikondwererochi chimasonyeza kukumbukira kugonjetsa mdima ndi umbuli m'moyo ndi dziko lapansi. Tsikuli amakhulupiliranso komwe Shiva adachita Tandav - kuvina kwa cosmic.
Pali nkhani zingapo zokhudza chiyambi cha chikondwererocho. Nkhani imodzi yotereyi imati panthawi ya Samudra Manthan - kugwedezeka kwa nyanja yamkaka yamkaka, mphika unatuluka m'nyanja yomwe inali ndi poizoni. Poganiza kuti kutha kwa dziko lapansi, Milungu yonse ndi ziwanda zidapita kwa Ambuye Shiva, yemwe adamwa ndikuigwira pakhosi pake. Chifukwa chake, tsikuli likuwonetsa kutha kwa Lord Shiva kupulumutsa dziko lapansi.
Chikondwererochi chimachitika pokumbukira Ambuye Shiva ndikuimba mapemphero, kusala kudya, ndi kusinkhasinkha. Patsiku lino, Kachisi wa Pashupatinath amachitira umboni kuchuluka kwa anthu oyera mtima komanso odzipereka pamalopo kuti alambire.
Nthawi zambiri imagwera kumapeto kwa February kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Holi:
Holi ndi chikondwerero cha mitundu ndipo chimasonyeza kupambana kwa ubwino pa zoipa. Zimakondwerera masika, chikondi, ndi moyo watsopano. Chikondwererocho chakhalapo ndi kuwonongedwa kwa ziwanda Holika. Holika anali paulendo wake wofuna kutentha Prince Prahlad, wodzipereka kwambiri wa Lord Vishnu koma adadziwotcha mpaka phulusa. Kalongayo sanavulale, ndipo anthu anamuwaza madzi amitundumitundu kuti achite chikondwererocho.
Holi imakondweretsedwa ndi kusangalatsa kosewera ndi ufa wamitundu, madzi achikuda, komanso chisangalalo chambiri ndikuvina ndi kuyimba. Anthu amadyanso bhang - kusakaniza kwa chamba, mkaka, ndi zonunkhira pamodzi ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana zothirira pakamwa, monga Pakoras - zokometsera zokometsera, Thandai - chakumwa chokoma chokhala ndi mkaka wokhala ndi zosakaniza monga ma amondi, safironi, ndi mbewu za poppy kuti zilimbikitse chisangalalo cha chikondwererocho.
Amakondwerera tsiku lomaliza la mwezi wathunthu la mwezi wa kalendala ya Hindu lunisolar, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwa kumayambiriro kwa Marichi.
Chaka Chatsopano cha Nepali:
Dziko la Nepal limakondwerera chaka chatsopano nthawi yosiyana kwambiri ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Nepal ikutsatira dongosolo lina la kalendala lotchedwa Bikram Sambat, zaka 56.7 patsogolo pa kalendala ya dzuwa ya Gregory. Chiyambi cha Chaka Chatsopano cha ku Nepal chinayambira nthawi ya Mfumu Vikramaditya, yemwe ankagwiritsa ntchito miyezi ya mwezi ndi chaka cha dzuwa.
Masana, anthu amacheza mwa kuchezera achibale awo komanso kukhala ndi phwando ndi anzawo. Chikondwererochi chimakumbukiridwa ndi chiyembekezo chokhala ndi madalitso ambiri komanso chitukuko. Zochitika zosangalatsa monga kuvina mumsewu ndi ma parade zimachitikanso. Miyambo monga ma carnival apachaka a Bisket Jatra ndi Bode Jatra imachitikanso pa Chaka Chatsopano. Zochitika ndi maphwando zimakonzedwanso m'mahotela ndi malo odyera, makamaka usiku.
Izi zimachitika chapakati pa mwezi wa April.
Bisket Jatra:
Bisket Jatra ndi chikondwerero cha m'deralo cha chigawo cha Bhaktapur ndi malo ena akumidzi ku Nepal. Chikondwererochi chimadziwika ndi chikondwerero cha sabata imodzi chokumbukira Chaka Chatsopano chakale cha dzuwa. Chikondwererochi chinayambitsidwa ndi Mfumu Jagajyoti Malla, yemwe adakondwera ndi nthano ndi nthano za mfumukazi yokongola yotembereredwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mwamuna wake afe tsiku lotsatira. Munthu wolimba mtima pamapeto pake adamumasula popha njoka zomwe zidayambitsa imfa ya mwamunayo. Nkhaniyi inalimbikitsa mfumu kwambiri kotero kuti adaganiza zoyipanganso mwa kukondwerera Bisket Jatra.
Chikondwererochi chimayamba pambuyo pa mwambo wapadera wa Tantric ku kachisi wa Bhairav ku Taumadhi Tole ku Bhaktapur. Chikondwererochi chimaphatikizapo kumangidwa ndi kugwa kwa Lingo, ndodo yosonyeza kugwa kwa mdani. Palinso kukoka nkhondo posankha kuyendetsa galeta la Lord Bhairav kumtunda kapena kumunsi kwa mzindawu.
Kupaka Sindoor (ufa wa lalanje wa vermillion) panthawi yokonza magaleta ndi kuimba ndi kuvina motsatira nyimbo zachikhalidwe panthawi ya ulendo kumachitidwanso. Chochitika choboola malilime chimachitikiranso ndi fuko la Shrestha la m'dera la Bode.
Chikondwererochi chimakondwerera kumayambiriro kwa chaka chatsopano cha ku Nepal, chomwe chimakhala chapakati pa mwezi wa April.
Buddha Jayanti:
Buddha Jayanti amakondwerera kubadwa kwa Buddha ndipo ndi chikondwerero chapadera cha Ahindu ndi Abuda ku Nepal. Imakondwerera moyo wa Ambuye Buddha mu magawo onse - kubadwa kwake, kuunikira, ndi imfa yake. Akuti Buddha anabadwa, anapeza nirvana, ndipo anamwalira mwezi wathunthu wa Baisakh - mwezi woyamba pa kalendala ya Nepali.
Odzipereka amakhamukira komwe Buddha adabadwira ku Lumbini patsikuli. M'mamawa muli anthu ochita zionetsero. Masana, zochitika za chikhalidwe zimachitika. Usiku kachisi wa Maya Devi - mayi wobadwa wa Buddha amakongoletsedwa ndi nyali zikwizikwi. M'chigwa cha Kathmandu, ulemu kwa Buddha umaperekedwa ku stupas, makamaka ku Swayambhunath ndi Boudhanath. Ma stupas awa ndi okongoletsedwa ndi magetsi omwe amapangitsa kuti anthu aziwoneka mwamtendere, makamaka usiku. Otsatira ndi amonke amapereka makandulo, maluwa, ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana ku udindo wa Ambuye Buddha. Zofukiza zimawotchedwanso, zomwe zimadzaza mpweya ndi fungo lokoma.
Zimawonedwa mu Meyi.
Janai Purnima:
Janai Purnima ndi chikondwerero cha Chihindi chomwe chimakondwerera ku Nepal yonse potsatira miyambo yachihindu ndi chikhalidwe cha Shaman. Chikondwererocho poyamba chinayamba monga kukonzanso kwa Janai - ulusi umavala diagonally, kuchokera pa phewa lamanzere kupita kumanja, kudutsa pachifuwa kwa amuna a Brahmin, Kshatriya, ndi Vaishya caste. Amakhulupirira kuti Janai amayeretsa moyo komanso kuteteza thupi ku zoipa.
Chikondwererochi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana. Anthu odzipereka amamanganso ulusi wopatulika m'manja mwawo tsiku lino. Chigwa chakum'mwera chimakondweretsedwa ngati Rakshya Bandhan, chikondwerero chokondwerera mgwirizano wa chikondi ndi chikondi pakati pa abale ndi alongo. Asilamu a m'chigwa cha Kathmandu ndi kuzungulira Nepal amasonkhananso kuti achite miyambo yawo yakale. Anthu okhala m'derali Kathmandu Valley Konzaninso supu ya nyemba zosakaniza zotchedwa Kwati ngati chakudya chapadera cha tsikulo.
Zimachitika mwezi wathunthu wa Ogasiti.
Gai Jatra:
Gai Jatra, kutanthauza chikondwerero cha ng'ombe, ndi chikondwerero ku Kathmandu Valley kukumbukira imfa ya okondedwa. Chikondwererochi chidayamba pomwe Mfumukazi ya Malla idayamba kulira maliro a mwana wake wamwamuna. Pofuna kumutonthoza, mfumuyo inapempha banja lililonse limene linataya wokondedwa wake kuti lituluke m’gulu la anthu osonyeza mfumukaziyo kuti si iye yekha amene akuvutika.
Pachikondwererochi, achibale, makamaka amene anamwalira chaka chathachi, amatumiza anthu, makamaka ana ovala ngati ng’ombe, kukaonekera m’misewu. Misewu imakhala yamoyo ndikubisala ngati ng'ombe kapena Jhankis - asing'anga ovala masks. Kugawana chisoni komanso kutonthozedwa podziwa kuti okondedwa otayika ali otetezeka ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chokondwerera chikondwererochi. Ndi mwambonso kuswa zokambirana zoseketsa, nthabwala, zonyoza, ngakhale kuyimirira pa Gai Jatra.
Nthawi zambiri imagwera mu Julayi kapena Ogasiti.
Teej:
Phwando la Teej ndi chikumbutso cha kukumananso kwa Shiva ndi Parvati, tsiku lomwe Shiva adamulandira kukhala mkazi wake. Ndi chikondwerero cha amayi omwe amapempha madalitso apadera a Ambuye Shiva kuti apeze mwamuna wabwino ndikupempherera moyo wawo wautali ndi chitukuko.
Chikondwererocho chinayamba pamene Parvati, mwana wamkazi wa Mfumu ya Himalaya, adasala kudya ndikukhala moyo wovuta kwa zaka zambiri akufuna kukwatira Shiva. Choncho, tsikuli limadziwika ndi amayi kusala kudya ndi kusonyeza kudzipereka kwawo mwa kuvina maola otentha, mvula komanso osamwa madzi kapena kudya chakudya tsiku lonse.
Azimayi okwatiwa amaitanidwa ndi makolo awo kuti akadye nawo mwambo wotchedwa Dar. Azimayi ovala sari ofiira ndi obiriwira amatha kuwonedwa ku Nepal yonse, makamaka; Mizere yayitali ya azimayi omwe amayesa kupembedza m'kachisi wa Pashupatinath ndiwowona zenizeni. Pa tsiku lachitatu, akazi amakhutiritsa oyera mtima asanu ndi awiri mwa kuwapatsa chakudya, ndalama, ndi zopereka zina. Ena amasamba m'matope ofiira ndikutsuka mano ndi Datiwan - nthambi za mtengo wamtchire omwe akuyembekeza kuyeretsedwa kwa moyo ndi thupi.
Zimachitika pakati pa Ogasiti.
Losar:
Losar ndi chikondwerero chofunikira kwa Abuda onse chifukwa chimakondweretsedwa kwambiri m'dziko lonselo. Losar amatanthauza chaka chatsopano ndipo amakondwerera ku Nepal m'njira zitatu: Tamu Losar, Sonam Losar, ndi Gyalpo Losar. Tamu Lhosar imagwa kumapeto kwa Disembala kapena koyambirira kwa Januware. Gyalpo Lhosar amakondwerera mu Epulo, pomwe Sonam Lhosar amakondwerera mwezi watsopano wa Marichi.
Malinga ndi kalendala ya Gurung, Tamu Losar amakondwerera ndi gulu la Gurung ku Nepal, zomwe zikuwonetsa chiyambi cha Sambat Tamu. Zochitika zachikhalidwe zimakonzedwa, ndipo anthu amavala zovala zachikhalidwe kuti akapezeke nawo pamapulogalamuwa. Ndiponso, pa tsiku limenelo, amapita ku zikondwerero ndi mapwando pa malo opatulika a Chibuda.
Gyalpo Losar amakondwerera ndi mtundu wa Sherpa ndipo ndi chiyambi cha Chaka Chatsopano cha Tibetan. Nyumba zimayeretsedwa, ndipo makamaka khitchini ndi malo omwe banja limadyera. Pa chikondwerero cha Chaka Chatsopano, mbale zosiyanasiyana zimaperekedwa, monga Guthunk - mtundu wa dumpling, supu yapadera yomwe imakhala ndi nyama, yak tchizi, mpunga, tirigu, ndi ndiwo zamasamba.
Sonam Losar amakondwerera ndi anthu amtundu wa Tamang omwe akuwonetsa chiyambi cha chaka chatsopano cha Tamang. Patsikuli, anthu amayeretsa ndi kukongoletsa nyumba zawo ndikupita ku nyumba za amonke kukapemphera ndi kupachika mbendera. Tsikuli limatsagananso ndi kuvina kwa Selo ndi zikondwerero m'nyumba za amonke achi Buddha ndi stupas. Izi zimachitidwa kuti apambane mphamvu zoipa ndi kupereka chithandizo chabwino.
Indra Jatra:
Indra Jatra ndiye chikondwerero chachikulu kwambiri chachipembedzo mumsewu ku Kathmandu, kusonyeza chiyambi cha chikondwerero cha mwezi wa autumn. Zimasonyeza kupembedza kwa mulungu Indra, mfumu yakumwamba, ndi Kumari, mulungu wamoyo.
Mfumu Gunakamadeva idayambitsa chikondwererochi kukumbukira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda wa Kathmandu. Chikondwererochi chimayamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Linga - mtengo womwe mbendera ya Indra imachitikira. Mavinidwe obisala okhala ndi ng'oma zofuula za nyimbo zimachitika mumsewu pafupifupi madzulo aliwonse. Palinso galeta la Kumari pa chikondwererochi.
Malo opatulika ndi nyumba zakale zachifumu zozungulira Kathmandu Durbar Square ndizowala ndi zingwe zamafuta panthawi ya chikondwererochi. Kutsogolo kwa kachisi wa Kumari, palinso chojambula chosonyeza mikhalidwe khumi yapadziko lapansi ya Ambuye Vishnu.
Imagwa mu September.
Ghode Jatra:
Phwando la Ghode JatraGhode Jatra amamasuliridwa kuti parade ya akavalo, ndipo moyenerera, chikondwererocho chimakhala ndi ziwonetsero za akavalo ku Tundikhel, Kathmandu. Chiwanda cha Tundi akuti chazunza anthu kwa nthawi yayitali. Kenako anaphedwa, ndipo anthu anasangalala atakwera pamahatchi pamwamba pa thupi lake. Amakhulupirira kuti chiwandachi chidakali choopsa, ndipo chaka chilichonse pamafunika phokoso la ziboda za akavalo kuti asamachite mantha.
Patsiku lino, akuluakulu ankhondo, akuluakulu aboma, ndi akazembe amabwera ku Tundikhel kudzawona mpikisano wamahatchi ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Amakhulupirira kuti mahatchiwo akathamanga kwambiri, m’pamenenso mzimu wa chiwandacho umagonjetsedwera mofulumira. Sewero la akavalo likuwonetsedwa muzojambula zingapo. Asilikali akuwonetsanso luso lawo ngati paratroopers ndi ndege yowuluka pafupi. Mafuko atsopano m'chigwa cha Kathmandu amachitiranso chikondwererochi. Amanyamulanso zithunzi za mulungu wamkazi Bhadrakali ndi Mkazi wamkazi Kankeshwari m'misewu yopapatiza ya Asan usiku wa Ghode Jatra.
Zimachitika chaka chilichonse pakati pa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo.
Pomaliza,
Kuyendera Nepal pazikondwerero ndi njira yodalirika yodziwira chikhalidwe ku Nepal. Ngati mukufuna kukhala ndi cholowa ndi chikhalidwe cha Nepal, ndikofunikira kuti mufufuze Nepal pazikondwerero izi. Zikondwererozi zimafalikira chaka chonse, kotero mukangofuna, mutha kukhala ndi mwayi wokumana ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Nepal.
