ziviso
Gomo reEverest, rakamira zvakakura pamamita 8,849 (29,032 tsoka), ndiyo nzvimbo yakakwirira kwazvo yePasi uye chiratidzo chekushuva uye kutsungirira kwevanhu. Kukwezva kwekuyera iyi peak yakakura inokwezva vanokwira kubva kumativi ese enyika, vachisundwa nechishuwo chekukunda rimwe rematambudziko ekupedzisira mukukwira makomo. Nguva pfupi yadarika, mukwikwiri weBritish Kenton Cool uye mutungamiriri weNepali Kami Rita Sherpa vakaita misoro yenhau nekutyora marekodhi avo ezvikwiriso zvakawanda zve. Mount Everest. Kutonhorera akawana summit yake yechigumi nesere, uku Sherpa akasvika pachimakumi maviri nepfumbamwe, achitungamira vatengi kuburikidza neyakakurumbira yeSoutheast Ridge nzira.
Kukwira makomo kunopfuura kungovawo zvako mutambo muNepal; ibasa rakakura rekushanya rinofambisa hupfumi hwenzvimbo, richipa mari uye mikana yemabasa. Nepal, ine nzvimbo dzayo dzinoshamisa uye nhongonya dzakareba, kusanganisira masere emakomo gumi nemana akareba kwazvo epasi rose, inzvimbo ine vanhu vanokwira makomo nevanofarira zvekushanya. Mwaka wega wega wekukwira, nyika inopa mvumo kune vanokwira, zvichipa mari yakawanda. Gore rino, zvibvumirano 14, imwe neimwe ichiita $414, yakapiwa Everest chete.
Nhoroondo dzeKenton Cool naKami Rita Sherpa
Kenton Cool
Kenton Cool, akaberekwa musi waChikunguru 30, 1973, muSlough, England, ndomumwe wevakwikwiri vemakomo veBritain vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Rwendo rwake rwekukwira rwakatangira muzvikomo zveWales neScotland, kwaakakudziridza chido chemutambo wacho. Basa raCool rakashongedzwa nezvakawanda zvakakosha budiriro, zvichimuita munhu ane mukurumbira munharaunda inokwira makomo.
Ne 18 yakabudirira kukwira kweEverest, Kutonhorera inobata rekodhi yeBritish yemisangano yakawanda. Unyanzvi hwake hunopfuurira kupfuura kungosvika kumusoro; akatungamira nzendo dzakawanda, achivimbisa kuchengeteka uye kubudirira kwevatengi vake. Imwe yezvakanakisa zvaitwa naCool kupedzisa iyo "Everest Triple Crown," izvo zvinosanganisira kukwira Everest, Lhotse, uye Nuptse mune imwe inopfuurira kusunda pasina kudzokera kumusasa wepasi. Zvaakaita hazviratidzi hunyanzvi hwake chete asiwo kusimba kwake uye kuzvipira kumutambo.
Kami Rita Sherpa
Kami Rita Sherpa, akaberekwa muna Ndira 17, 1970, mumusha weThame mudunhu reEverest kuNepal, ane mukurumbira mukwidza wepamusoro-soro. Baba vake vakanga vari pakati pevapayona Sherpa vanokwira vakabatsira kugadzira nzira dzeEverest, uye Kami Rita akatevera tsoka dzake kubva paudiki.
Ne 29 summits dzakabudirira dzeEverest, Kami Rita ane rekodhi yenyika yekukwira kwakanyanya kwegomo. Ruzivo rwake rwakakura uye ruzivo rwakadzama rweEverest runomuita mumwe weanoremekedzwa madhairekitori muindasitiri iyi. Kupfuura zvaakakwanisa kuita, basa raKami Rita rinoratidza basa rakakosha rinoitwa naSherpas muindasitiri yekukwira. Sherpas inokosha pakubudirira kwekufamba, kupa rubatsiro rwakakosha, kutakura mitoro inorema, kumisa misasa, uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwevanokwira.
Iyo Southeast Ridge Route
Nzira yeSoutheast Ridge yekuenda kumusangano weEverest ndiyo nzira yakakurumbira uye yakanyatsogadziriswa, yakatanga kubudirira kukwira naSir Edmund Hillary uye Tenzing Norgay muna 1953. Iyi nzira inofarirwa nekuda kwekuwana kwayo kwakananga uye kuvapo kwemisasa yakasimbiswa munzira, iyo inopa rubatsiro rwakakosha kune vanokwira.
Rwendo rwekuenda kuEverest Base Camp (EBC)
Rwendo rwekuenda kunhongonya kweEverest rwunotanga nerwendo rwekuenda Everest Base Camp (EBC), nzvimbo pachayo yevafambi vakawanda. Rwendo runotangira kuLukla, taundi duku rinosvikika nendege pfupi kubva kuKathmandu. Nzira yacho inomonereka nomumisha inoyevedza, masango akasvibira, uye mabhiriji akaturika pamusoro penzizi dzine ruzha, ichipa maonero anoshamisa emakomo eHimalaya.
Rwendo rwekuenda kuEBC runotora mazuva angangoita 8-10, zvichienderana nerwendo uye zvinodiwa. Makiyi anomira munzira anosanganisira Phakding, Namche Bazaar, Tengboche, Dingboche, uye Lobuche. Musha wega wega unopa vanofamba nzendo mukana wekuzorora, kujairana, uye kuona tsika dzeko uye kugamuchira vaeni.
Namche Bazaar, inowanzoonekwa segedhi rekuenda kumakomo eHimalaya, inzvimbo yakakosha yekumisikidza. Iri guta rine chipatapata rinopa zvakasiyana siyana zvinobatsira, zvinosanganisira zvitoro, macafe, uye internet masevhisi, zvichiita kuti ive yakakurumbira kuzorora. Kukwira kunoenderera kuburikidza neTengboche, inozivikanwa neiyo iconic monastery, uye Dingboche, uko vafambi vanopedza mamwe mazuva vachijairana vasati vasvika Lobuche.
Pakupedzisira, vafambi vanosvika kuGorak Shep, iyo yekupedzisira pekugara pamberi peEBC. Kubva kuGorak Shep, nzira inoenda kuEverest Base Camp, iri panzvimbo yakakwirira ye5,364 metres (17,598 tsoka). EBC inoshanda senzvimbo yevanokwira kuyedza kukwira Everest, ichipa nharaunda ine simba izere nematende ane mavara, vanokwira kubva kutenderera pasirese, uye pfungwa inonzwisisika yekutarisira.
Kukwira kuSoutheast Ridge
Kukwira kubva kuEBC kuenda kumusangano weEverest kwakakamurwa kuita zvinhanho zvakati wandei, chimwe nechimwe chine matambudziko nenjodzi dzayo. Nzira yacho inomisikidzwa nemisasa yakatevedzana, imwe neimwe ichipa zororo rakakosha uye nzvimbo yeacclimatization yevanokwira.
- Khumbu Icefall: Chekutanga chipingamupinyi chikuru iKhumbu Icefall, ine ngozi uye inogara ichichinja glacier ine akareba ice seracs uye yakadzika crevasses. Vanokwira vanofamba muIcefall vachishandisa manera uye tambo, vachifamba nekukurumidza kuti vaderedze kuratidzwa kune njodzi yekudonha kweaizi. Iyo Icefall ndechimwe chezvikamu zvine njodzi zvekukwira uye inoda kunyatsofamba.
- Camp I (6,065 mamita / 19,900 tsoka): Mushure mokuyambuka Icefall, vanokwira vanosvika Camp I, iri muWestern Cwm, mupata weglacial. Iyo nzvimbo yakati sandara yeCwm inopa kuzorora kwenguva pfupi, asi kukwirira kwakakwirira uye kusimba kwezuva rinoratidzira kubva muchando kunogona kuita kuti rwendo rwunetse.
- Camp II (6,400 mamita / 21,000 tsoka): Kubva kuMusasa I, vanokwira vanokwira kuCamp II, iri pazasi peLhotse Face. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira kuyambuka iyo Western Cwm uye kufamba uchitenderedza crevasses. Camp II inoshanda semusasa wepamberi, ichipa pekugara uye zvekushandisa.
- Lhotse Face uye Camp III (7,162 mamita / 23,500 tsoka): Kukwira kunoenderera mberi nepamusoro pe Lhotse Face, madziro echando anoda tambo dzakagadzika kuitira kuchengeteka. Musasa wechitatu wakamira pamutsetse wakatetepa paLhotse Face, ichipa nzvimbo isina njodzi yekuzorora kune vanokwira.
- South Col uye Camp IV (7,920 metres / 26,000 tsoka): Camp IV, iri paSouth Col, ndiyo nzvimbo yekupedzisira pamberi pemusangano wekusundidzira. Vanokwira vanozorora pano muchidimbu uye vanogadzirira chikamu chinonetsa chekukwira. Iyo South Col inosangana nemhepo ine simba uye kutonhora kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti ive nharaunda inoda.
- The Summit Push+ Nzvimbo dzakakosha munzira dzinosanganisira:
- The Balcony: Chikuva chidiki chinosvika 8,400 metres (27,600 tsoka) apo vanokwira vanogona kuzorora uye kuchinja matangi avo eokisijeni.
- South Summit: Panenge pa8,749 mamita (28,700 tsoka), South Summit imusangano wenhema unopa maonero ekutanga ekukwira kwekupedzisira.
- Hillary Step: Chiso chedombo chakatwasuka pazasi pemusangano, chakatumidzwa zita raSir Edmund Hillary. Ichi chikamu chinoda kukwira kwehunyanzvi uye kunyatsofambisa.
- The Summit: Chikamu chokupedzisira chinosanganisira mutsetse wakapfava unoenda kunhongonya, uko vanokwira vanokomborerwa nekuona kunofadza uye kugutsikana kukuru kwekumira pamusoro penyika.
Matambudziko Ekukwira Everest
Kukwira Gomo reEverest kuzere nematambudziko, emuviri uye nepfungwa. Kukwirira kwakanyanya, kushata kwemamiriro ekunze, uye nzvimbo inodakadza zvinoita kuti ive imwe yenzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzine njodzi kukwira munyika.
Kukwirira Kurwara
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru hurwere hwehurefu, hunogona kukanganisa vanokwira pakakwirira pamusoro pe2,500 metres (8,200 tsoka). Mhepo yakatetepa pakakwirira inoderedza huwandu hweokisijeni inowanikwa, zvichiita kuti zviratidzo zvakadai semusoro, kusvotwa, chizuru, uye kupfupika kwekufema. Mhando dzakakomba dzehurwere hwepamusoro, dzakadai sepamusoro-soro cerebral edema (HACE) uye yakakwirira-yakakwirira pulmonary edema (HAPE), inogona kutyisa upenyu uye inoda kudzika pakarepo kusvika kukadzika.
Harsh Weather Conditions
Mamiriro ekunze paEverest haazivikanwe uye anogona kuchinja nekukurumidza. Vanokwira vanofanira kurwisana nekutonhora kwakanyanya, mhepo ine simba, uye njodzi yemafungu. Tembiricha inogona kudzika kusvika -40°C (-40°F) kana kudzika, uye kumhanya kwemhepo kunogona kudarika makiromita zana paawa (100 mamaira paawa). Aya mamiriro akaoma anoda kurongeka uye kushandiswa kwegiya rehunyanzvi kudzivirira kubva kuchando uye hypothermia.
Zvinodiwa Zvepanyama
Zvinoda zvenyama zvekukwira Everest zvakakura. Vanokwira vanofanira kunge vari muhutano hwepamusoro kuti vatsungirire maawa akareba ekushanda nesimba, kazhinji pavanenge vakatakura mitoro inorema uye vachifamba munzvimbo dzinonyengera. Kukwira kunoda mwero wepamusoro wekusimba, kutsungirira, uye unyanzvi hwekukwira.
Matambudziko Epfungwa
Matambudziko epfungwa ekukwira Everest akakosha zvakaenzana. Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, mamiriro akanyanya, uye kuneta kwemuviri zvinogona kukanganisa hutano hwepfungwa. Vanokwira vanofanira kuramba vakatarisa, vakatsiga, uye vachikwanisa kuita sarudzo dzakakomba pasi pekumanikidzwa. Kusimba kwepfungwa kusunda mumatanho ekupedzisira ekukwira, kunowanzo kunzi "nzvimbo yerufu" pamusoro pe8,000 metres (26,247 tsoka), yakakosha pakubudirira.
Basa reSherpas muKukwira Makomo
Sherpas inoita basa rakakosha mukubudirira kweEverest expeditions. Ava zvizvarwa zvomuHimalayas vanozivikanwa nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo hwokukwira makomo, kutsungirira, uye kukwanisa kubudirira munzvimbo dzakakwirira. Sherpas inhengo dzinokosha dzezvikwata zvekukwira, kupa rubatsiro, kutakura mitoro inorema, kuisa misasa, kugadzirisa tambo, uye kutungamirira vanokwira kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakaoma zvikuru zvenzira.
Mipiro yeSherpas inowanzoenda isingakosheswi, asi hunyanzvi hwavo uye kushanda nesimba kwakakosha pakubudirira nekuchengetedzeka kwenzendo. Sherpas vakaita saKami Rita, vane makumi emakore eruzivo uye kukwira kwakawanda, vanoratidza basa rinokosha ravanoita mukukwira makomo.
Economic Impact yeMountaineering muNepal
Kukwira makomo kunobatsira zvikuru kuhupfumi hweNepal, zvichipa mari yakawanda uye mikana yebasa. Nyika iyi ine makomo masere epamusoro-soro gumi nemana epasi, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo huru yekuenda kune vanokwira nevashanyi vanoshanya.
Mari yemvumo uye Mari
Hurumende yeNepalese inopa mvumo yekukwira Everest, nemvumo yega yega inoita zviuru gumi nerimwe zvemadhora. Mumwaka wekukwira wa11,000, zvibvumirano mazana mana nemakumi mana nemana zvakapihwa, zvichiunza mari inopfuura mamirioni mana neshanu emadhora. Mari iyi yakakosha muhupfumi hwenyika uye inobatsira kutsigira zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvehurumende nezvivakwa zvezvivakwa.
Basa Rokuwana Mikana
Kukwira makomo kunopa mikana yemabasa kuzviuru zvevanhu, kusanganisira vatungamiri, vatakuri, vabiki, uye vashandi vanotsigira. Kuwanda kwevanokwira makomo kunotsigira mabhizinesi emunharaunda, kubva kumasangano ekufamba netsoka uye pekugara kusvika kuzvitoro nemaresitorendi. Mabhenefiti ehupfumi anowedzera kupfuura dunhu riripo reEverest Base Camp, zvichibatsira kune yakakura hupfumi hweNepalese.
Matambudziko uye Sustainability
Kuzivikanwa kweEverest kunounzawo matambudziko, kunyanya ane chekuita nekuwanda uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Huwandu hwepamusoro hwevakwikwidzi hunogona kutungamira mukusangana pagomo, kunyanya panguva yehwindo pfupi rekukwira muna Chivabvu. Izvi zvinowedzera njodzi yetsaona uye zvinoisa imwe dzvinyiriro panzvimbo isina kusimba yegomo.
Nhamburiko dziri kuitwa kudzora huwandu hwevanokwira uye kuve nechokwadi chemaitiro akasimba. Izvi zvinosanganisira mirau yakaomesesa pamvumo, maprotocol anosungirwa ekudzora marara, uye zvirongwa zvekusimudzira kushanya kwakanaka. Chinangwa ndechekuchengetedza runako rwechisikigo rweEverest uku uchivimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanokwira uye kugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda dzenzvimbo.
Everest Base Camp (EBC) Trek
Rwendo rwekuenda kuEverest Base Camp irwendo rwakakurumbira rwunopa maonero anokatyamadza, zviitiko zvetsika, uye kuravira kwepamusoro-soro rwendo rwekufamba pasina hunyanzvi hwekuda kukwira panhongonya pachayo. Rwendo rweEBC rwunosvikika kune vanofamba nhanho dzehunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye inopa rwendo rusingakanganwike mukati memwoyo weHimalayas.
Nzira yeTrekking
Rwendo urwu runotangira muLukla, taundi diki rine mugwagwa une mukurumbira mupfupi uye wakatsetseka, unosvikwa nendege yemaminetsi makumi matatu kubva kuKathmandu. Kubva kuLukla, nzira yacho inomonereka nomumisha inoyevedza, masango akasvibira, uye nemazambuko akarembera pamusoro penzizi dzine ruzha.
Makiyi anomira parwendo anosanganisira:
- Phakding: Yekutanga kumira mushure meLukla, uko vafambi vanopedza husiku kuti vatange maitiro ekugadzirisa.
- Namche Bazaar: Guta rine chipatapata uye nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana mudunhu reKhumbu. VaTrekkers vanopedza husiku huviri pano kuti vajairane, vachiongorora misika yemuno uye vachinakidzwa nekuona panoramic yeEverest nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza.
- Tengboche: Inozivikanwa nenzvimbo yayo yemamongi, Tengboche inopa zvinokatyamadza maonero eAma Dablam nemamwe mahofori eHimalaya.
- Dingboche: Musha unoshanda seimwe nzvimbo yeacclimatization inomira, ine mikana yekufamba nedivi kuenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira.
- Lobuche: Kumira kwekupedzisira pamberi peGorak Shep, ichipa tarisiro yenzvimbo yakashata iri mberi.
- Gorak Shep: Kugadziriswa kwekupedzisira pamberi peEBC, uko vafambi vanogona zvakare kukwira kuenda kuKala Patthar kuti vaone panoramic yeEverest.
Acclimatization uye Utano
Acclimatization kwakakosha parwendo rwakachengeteka uye runonakidza kuenda kuEBC. Kukwira zvishoma nezvishoma kunobvumira vafambi kuti vajairane nekudzikira mwero weokisijeni uye kuderedza njodzi yehurwere hwepamusoro. Mazuva ekuzorora muNamche Bazaar neDingboche anopa mikana yeacclimatization kukwira, iyo inobatsira muviri kujairana nepamusoro-soro.
MaTrekkers anofanirwa kungwarira hutano hwavo, kugara hydrated, kudya zvakanaka, uye kutarisa zviratidzo zvehurwere hwepamusoro. Kutsigirwa kwevatungamiri vane ruzivo uye kuvapo kwezvivako zvehutano mumisha inokosha kunobatsira kune ruzivo rwakachengeteka rwekufamba.
Tsika Zviitiko
Rwendo rweEBC runopa ruzivo rwakapfuma rwetsika, sezvo vafambi vanopfuura nemumisha yeSherpa uye vachitaurirana nevanhu veko. Tsika yeSherpa yakanyatsopindirana neBuddhism, uye vafambi vanogona kushanyira dzimba dzemamongi, kutenderera mavhiri eminamato, uye kupupurira mhemberero dzechinyakare. Kugamuchirwa kwevanhu veSherpa uye misika yemunharaunda ine simba inowedzera kune tsika dzakapfuma parwendo.
mhedziso
Makwikwi eMount Everest naKenton Cool naKami Rita Sherpa kubudirira kunoshamisa kunotaridza kugona kunoshamisa kwekutsungirira kwevanhu uye basa rakakosha reSherpas mukukwira kumusoro. Zvavakaita zvinounza kutarisisa kumatambudziko nekukunda kwekukwira pamusoro pepamusoro penyika, ukuwo zvichisimbisa kukosha kwemaitiro akasimba uye ane mutoro ekukwira makomo.
Everest Base Camp rwendo uye kukwira kumusangano kuburikidza neSoutheast Ridge nzira inopa zviitiko zvisingaenzaniswi, kukwevera vanokwira uye vanofamba kubva kumativi ose enyika. Aya mafambiro haangoedzi chete miganhu yemuviri neyepfungwa asiwo inopa mikana yekubatana nerunako rweHimalayas uye hupfumi hwetsika nhaka yeNepal.
Sezvatinopemberera izvi zvakakosha, zvakakosha kuti tizive mamiriro akatambarara ekukwira makomo muNepal. Indasitiri inzvimbo yakakosha yekuwana mari uye basa, inofambisa kukura kwehupfumi uye kupa mikana kunharaunda dzenzvimbo. Zvisinei, rinopawo zvipingamupinyi zvinoda kutarisirwa kwokungwarira kuti tive nechokwadi chokuti vakwiri vakachengeteka uye kuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo yegomo.
Pakupedzisira, nyaya dzaKenton Cool naKami Rita Sherpa dzinotikurudzira kusundira miganhu yezvinogoneka, kuremekedza nekudzivirira zvishamiso zvechisikigo zvenyika yedu, uye kukoshesa zvipo zvinoshamisa zveavo vanoita kuti kubudirira uku kugoneke.
