intshayelelo
INtaba i-Everest, imi ngokumangalisayo kwi-8,849 yeemitha (i-29,032 yeenyawo), yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo eMhlabeni kunye nomqondiso wokulangazelela kunye nokunyamezela komntu. Umtsalane wokunyusa le ncopho inkulu itsala abakhweli abavela kwihlabathi liphela, beqhutywa ngumnqweno wokoyisa olona celomngeni lokunyuka intaba. Kutshanje, umkhweli waseBritani uKenton Cool kunye nesikhokelo saseNepali uKami Rita Sherpa benze izihloko eziphambili ngokwaphula iirekhodi zabo kwezona ndawo ziphakamileyo zokunyuka. INtaba Everest. Upholile uphumelele ingqungquthela yakhe ye-18, ngelixa uSherpa wafikelela kwi-29, ekhokela abathengi ngendlela eyaziwayo ye-Southeast Ridge.
Ukunyuka intaba kungaphezu nje komdlalo eNepal; ngumsebenzi wokhenketho obalulekileyo oqhuba uqoqosho lwasekhaya, ubonelela ngengeniso kunye namathuba engqesho. I-Nepal, eneendawo ezibukekayo ezintle kunye neencochoyi eziphakamileyo, kubandakanywa neentaba ezisibhozo kwezona zili-14 zide zehlabathi, yimecca yabakhweli kunye nabathandi bohambo. Ixesha ngalinye lokunyuka, ilizwe likhupha iimvume zabakhweli, nto leyo enegalelo elikhulu kwingeniso. Kulo nyaka, amaphepha-mvume angama-414, ngalinye lixabisa i-11,000 XNUMX yeedola, akhutshelwe i-Everest kuphela.
Iiprofayili zikaKenton Cool kunye noKami Rita Sherpa
Kenton Cool
UKenton Cool, owazalwa ngoJulayi 30, 1973, eSlough, eNgilani, ngomnye wabona bakhweli bentaba baseBritani baphume izandla. Uhambo lwakhe lokunyukela phezulu lwaqala kwiinduli zaseWales naseSkotlani, apho waba nomdla kulo mdlalo. Umsebenzi kaCool uhonjiswe zizinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, nto leyo emenza ukuba abe ngumntu obalaseleyo kuluntu olunyuka iintaba.
Ngokunyuka okuyimpumelelo kwe-18 kwe-Everest, i-Cool ibambe irekhodi laseBritani kwezona ngqungquthela zininzi. Ubungcali bakhe budlulela ngaphaya kokufikelela nje phezulu; uye wakhokela uhambo oluninzi, eqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nempumelelo yabathengi bakhe. Enye yeempumelelo eziphawulekayo zikaCool kukugqiba "I-Everest Triple Crown," okubandakanya ukunyuka kwe-Everest, iLhotse, kunye neNuptse kwi-push enye eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokubuyela kwinkampu yesiseko. Izinto azifezileyo azibonisi kuphela isakhono sakhe kodwa kwanokuqina kwakhe nokuzinikela kwakhe kulo mdlalo.
Kami Rita Sherpa
UKami Rita Sherpa, owazalwa nge-17 kaJanuwari, 1970, kwilali yaseThame kwingingqi ye-Everest eNepal, ngumnyuzi ophakamileyo odumileyo. Uyise wayephakathi kwabaphayona be-Sherpa abakhweli abancedisa ukuseka iindlela e-Everest, kwaye uKami Rita walandela emanyathelweni akhe ukususela emncinci.
Ngeengqungquthela ze-29 eziyimpumelelo ze-Everest, u-Kami Rita ubambe irekhodi lehlabathi kwezona ndlela ziphakamileyo zentaba. Amava akhe amaninzi kunye nolwazi olunzulu lwe-Everest lumenza abe ngomnye wabakhokheli abahlonitshwayo kweli shishini. Ngaphandle kweempumelelo zakhe, umsebenzi kaKami Rita ugxininisa indima ebalulekileyo eyenziwa nguSherpas kwishishini lokunyuka. I-Sherpas ibalulekile ekuphumeleleni kweehambo, ukubonelela ngenkxaso exabisekileyo, ukuthwala imithwalo enzima, ukumisa iinkampu, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabakhweli.
Indlela yaseMazantsi-mpuma yeRidge
Indlela yaseSoutheast Ridge eya kwisamithi ye-Everest yeyona ndlela idumileyo nesekwe kakuhle, eyaqala yanyuswa ngempumelelo nguSir Edmund Hillary kunye neTenging Norgay ngo-1953. Le ndlela iyathandwa ngenxa yokufikelela kwayo ngokuthe ngqo kunye nobukho beenkampu ezisekiweyo endleleni, ezibonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kubakhweli.
Uhambo oluya e-Everest Base Camp (EBC)
Uhambo oluya kwincopho ye-Everest luqala ngohambo oluya I-Everest Base Camp (EBC), indawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngokwayo kubakhenkethi abaninzi. Uhambo luqala eLukla, idolophu encinane ekufikelelekayo kuyo ngenqwelomoya emfutshane ukusuka eKathmandu. Lo mzila uhamba kwiilali ezintle, kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, kunye neebhulorho eziphezu kwemilambo egqumayo, ebonisa iiHimalayas umbono omangalisayo.
Uhambo oluya e-EBC luthatha malunga neentsuku ezi-8-10, ngokuxhomekeke kuhambo kunye neemfuno zokuqhelanisa. Iindawo zokumisa ezingundoqo ecaleni kwendlela ziquka iPhakding, iNamche Bazaar, iTengboche, iDingboche, kunye neLobuche. Ilali nganye inika abakhweli ithuba lokuphumla, ukuziqhelanisa, kunye namava enkcubeko yasekuhlaleni kunye nobubele.
INamche Bazaar, ehlala ijongwa njengesango lokuya kwii-Himalayas eziphakamileyo, sisikhululo esibalulekileyo sokuqhelanisa. Le dolophu iphithizelayo ibonelela ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iivenkile, iikhefi, kunye neenkonzo ze-intanethi, ziyenza ibe yindawo yokuphumla eyaziwayo. Ukunyuka kuyaqhubeka ngeTengboche, eyaziwa ngokuba yimonki edumileyo, kunye neDingboche, apho abahambi bachitha iintsuku ezongezelelweyo beqhelana ngaphambi kokuba bafike eLobuche.
Ekugqibeleni, abakhweli bafika e-Gorak Shep, indawo yokugqibela yokuhlala phambi kwe-EBC. Ukusuka eGorak Shep, umzila ukhokelela e-Everest Base Camp, emi kumphakamo weemitha ezingama-5,364 (iinyawo eziyi-17,598). I-EBC isebenza njengendawo yeqonga yabakhweli abazama ukukhwela i-Everest, ibonelela ngemeko-bume eguquguqukayo ezaliswe ziintente ezimibalabala, abakhweli abavela kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nombono ocacileyo wolindelo.
Ukunyuka kwi-Southeast Ridge
Ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-EBC ukuya kwi-summit ye-Everest ihlukaniswe ngamanqanaba amaninzi, ngalinye linemingeni kunye nemingcipheko yalo. Indlela iphawulwe luthotho lweenkampu, nganye ibonelela ngokuphumla okubalulekileyo kunye nendawo yokuqhelanisa abakhweli.
- Khumbu Icefall: Umqobo wokuqala omkhulu yiKhumbu Icefall, umkhenkce onobungozi kwaye uhlala uguquguquka kunye neeseracs zomkhenkce eziphakamileyo kunye neendawo ezinzulu. Abakhweli bahamba nge-Icefall besebenzisa iileli kunye neentambo, behamba ngokukhawuleza ukuze banciphise ukuvezwa kumngcipheko wokuwa komkhenkce. I-Icefall lelinye lawona macandelo ayingozi kakhulu ekunyukeni kwaye ifuna ukuhamba ngononophelo.
- Inkampu I (6,065 yeemitha / 19,900 iinyawo): Emva kokuwela i-Icefall, abakhweli bafikelela kwiCamp I, ekwi-Western Cwm, intlambo ye-glacial. Indawo ethe tyaba yeCwm inika ikhefu elifutshane, kodwa ukuphakama okuphezulu kunye nelanga elibukhali elibonisa ikhephu lingenza uhambo lube lucelomngeni.
- I-Camp II (iimitha ezingama-6,400 / iinyawo ezingama-21,000): Ukusuka kwiCamp I, abakhweli benyuka besiya kwiCamp II, ekwisiseko seLhotse Face. Eli candelo libandakanya ukuwela i-Western Cwm kunye nokujikeleza kwiikreyiva. ICamp II isebenza njengenkampu esisiseko ekumgangatho ophezulu, ibonelela ngekhusi nezixhobo ezininzi.
- I-Lhotse Face kunye neCamp III (iimitha ezi-7,162 / 23,500 iinyawo): Ukunyuka kuqhubeleka kunyuka umnqantsa iLhotse Face, udonga lomkhenkce olufuna iintambo ezizinzileyo ukuze ukhuseleke. I-Camp III ibekwe kwindawo emxinwa kwi-Lhotse Face, inika indawo yokuphumla ekhuselekileyo yabakhweli.
- UMzantsi Col kunye neCamp IV (iimitha ezingama-7,920 / iinyawo ezingama-26,000): I-Camp IV, ebekwe kwi-South Col, yindawo yokugqibela yokumisa phambi kwe-summit push. Abakhweli baphumla apha ngokufutshane kwaye balungiselele eyona ndawo ingumngeni wokunyuka. I-South Col ichanabeke kwimimoya ebhudla ngamandla kunye nengqele egqithisileyo, iyenza ibe yindawo enzima.
- I-Summit Push: Incopho yokutyhala iqala ngentseni, rhoqo ezinzulwini zobusuku, ukuthatha ithuba leefestile zemozulu ezimfutshane kwaye ifike encochoyini ngokusa. Iimpawu zomhlaba eziphambili endleleni ziquka:
- IBalcony: Iqonga elincinci elimalunga neemitha ezingama-8,400 (iinyawo ezingama-27,600) apho abakhweli banokuphumla kwaye batshintshe iitanki zabo zeoksijini.
- Ingqungquthela yaseMzantsi: Malunga neemitha ze-8,749 (iinyawo ezingama-28,700), i-South Summit yingqungquthela yobuxoki enika umbono wokuqala wokunyuka kokugqibela.
- Inyathelo likaHillary: Ubuso obuphantse bume nkqo phantsi kwencopho, ethiywe ngoMhlekazi Edmund Hillary. Eli candelo lifuna ukunyuka kobugcisa kunye nokuhamba ngononophelo.
- Ingqungquthela: Icandelo lokugqibela libandakanya ithambeka elikhokelela encotsheni, apho abakhweli bawongwa ngokuba nembono entle nolwaneliseko olungathethekiyo lokuma phezu kwehlabathi.
Imingeni yokunyuka i-Everest
Ukunyuka iMount Everest kugcwele imingeni, emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Ukuphakama okugqithisileyo, iimeko zemozulu ezinzima, kunye nomhlaba onzima kwenza kube yenye yezona zinto zinzima kwaye ziyingozi ukunyuka emhlabeni.
Isigulo se-Altitude
Omnye wemingeni ephambili kukugula kobude, obunokuchaphazela abakhweli kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-2,500 (iinyawo eziyi-8,200). Umoya omncinci kwiindawo eziphakamileyo unciphisa inani le-oksijini ekhoyo, ekhokelela kwiimpawu ezinjengeentloko, isicaphucaphu, isiyezi, kunye nokuphefumula okufutshane. Iindlela ezinzima zokugula kokuphakama, ezifana ne-high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) kunye ne-high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), inokubeka ubomi esichengeni kwaye ifuna ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezisezantsi.
Iimeko zeMozulu ezirhabaxa
Imozulu yase-Everest idume ngokungalindelekanga kwaye inokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Abakhweli kufuneka bajamelane nengqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo, umoya ovuthuzayo, kunye nomngcipheko wama-avaloni. Amaqondo obushushu angehla aye ku -40°C (-40°F) okanye ngaphantsi, kwaye isantya somoya singadlula i-100 yeekhilomitha ngeyure (62 miles ngeyure). Ezi meko zinzima zifuna ukucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukukhusela kwi-frostbite kunye ne-hypothermia.
Izidingo zoMzimba
Iimfuno zomzimba zokunyuka i-Everest zinkulu. Abakhweli kufuneka babekwincopho yemeko yomzimba ukuze banyamezele iiyure ezinde zomsebenzi onzima, rhoqo ngelixa bethwele imithwalo enzima kwaye behamba kumhlaba onenkohliso. Ukunyuka kufuna umgangatho ophezulu wokuqina, ukunyamezela, kunye nezakhono zokunyuka zobugcisa.
Imingeni yengqondo
Imingeni yengqondo yokunyuka i-Everest ibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ukwahlukaniswa, iimeko ezinzima, kunye nokudinwa komzimba kunokuchaphazela impilo yengqondo. Abakhweli kufuneka bahlale begxilile, bomelele, kwaye bekwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo phantsi koxinzelelo. Ukuqina kwengqondo okutyhalela phambili kumanqanaba okugqibela okunyuka, okudla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yindawo yokufa” ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-8,000 (iinyawo ezingama-26,247), kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele.
Indima kaSherpas kwiNtaba
I-Sherpas idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yohambo lwe-Everest. Aba bantu bomthonyama kwiiHimalaya baziwa ngobuchule babo bokunyuka intaba, unyamezelo, nobuchule bokuphumelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. I-Sherpas ngamalungu ayimfuneko kumaqela akhuphukayo, ukubonelela ngenkxaso, ukuthwala imithwalo enzima, ukumisa iinkampu, ukulungisa iintambo, kunye nokukhokela abakhweli kwiindawo ezinzima kakhulu zendlela.
Amagalelo kaSherpas ahlala engaxatyiswa, kodwa ubuchule babo kunye nokusebenza nzima kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpumelelo kunye nokhuseleko lohambo. I-Sherpas efana noKami Rita, kunye namashumi eminyaka yamava kunye nokunyuka okuphindaphindiweyo, ngumzekelo wendima ebalulekileyo abayidlalayo ekunyukeni intaba.
Impembelelo yezoQoqosho yokukhwela iintaba eNepal
Ukunyuka intaba kuligalelo elibalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwaseNepal, lubonelela ngengeniso eninzi kunye namathuba engqesho. Eli lizwe likhaya leenkcochoyi ezisibhozo kwezili-14 eziphakamileyo zehlabathi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe yeyona ndawo iphambili yokuya kubakhenkethi nabakhenkethi.
Imirhumo yeeMvume kunye neNgeniso
Urhulumente waseNepalese ukhupha iimvume zokukhwela i-Everest, imvume nganye ixabisa i-11,000 yeedola. Kwixesha lokunyuka lika-2024, iimvume ezingama-414 zakhutshwa, zenza ngaphezulu kwe-4.5 yezigidi zeerandi kwingeniso. Le nkxaso-mali ibalulekile kuqoqosho lwelizwe kwaye inceda ekuxhaseni amalinge ohlukeneyo karhulumente kunye neeprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo.
Amathuba okuqeshwa
Ukukhwela intaba kunika amathuba engqesho kumawaka abantu, kuquka abakhokelayo, abathwali bempahla, abapheki nabasebenzi abaxhasayo. Ukuthontelana kwabakhweli kuxhasa amashishini asekuhlaleni, ukusuka kwii-arhente zokuhamba kunye neendawo zokulala ukuya kwiivenkile kunye neeresityu. Inzuzo yezoqoqosho idlulela ngaphaya kommandla osondeleyo we-Everest Base Camp, igalelo kuqoqosho olubanzi lwaseNepal.
Imingeni kunye noZinzo
Ukuduma kwe-Everest nako kuzisa imingeni, ngakumbi enxulumene nokuxinana kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Inani eliphezulu labakhweli linokukhokelela ekuxineni entabeni, ngakumbi ngexesha lefestile emfutshane yokunyuka ngoMeyi. Oku kwandisa umngcipheko weengozi kwaye kubeka uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo kwindawo eethe-ethe yentaba.
Iinzame ziyenziwa ukulawula inani labakhweli kunye nokuqinisekisa izenzo ezizinzileyo. Oku kuquka imimiselo engqongqo yamaphepha-mvume, imigaqo yolawulo lwenkunkuma enyanzelekileyo, kunye namanyathelo okukhuthaza ukhenketho olunenkathalo. Injongo kukugcina ubuhle bendalo be-Everest ngelixa uqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabakhweli kunye nentlalontle yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni.
I-Everest Base Camp (EBC) Trek
Uhambo oluya e-Everest Base Camp luhambo oludumileyo olunika iimbono ezimangalisayo, amava enkcubeko, kunye nencasa yohambo oluphezulu ngaphandle kweemfuno zobugcisa zokukhwela incopho ngokwayo. Uhambo lwe-EBC luyafikeleleka kubahambi bamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ezakhono kwaye lubonelela ngohambo olungalibalekiyo phakathi kweentaba ze-Himalaya.
Indlela yokuThamba
Uhambo luqala eLukla, idolophu encinane enomgaqo weenqwelo-moya odumileyo omfutshane nomnqantsa, ofikelelekayo ngenqwelomoya yemizuzu engama-30 ukusuka eKathmandu. Ukusuka eLukla, lo mzila unqumla kwiilali ezintle, kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, unqumla kwiibhulorho ezijinga phezu kwemilambo egqumayo.
Iindawo zokumisa eziphambili ecaleni kohambo ziquka:
- Phakding: Indawo yokuqala yokumisa emva kweLukla, apho abakhweli bachitha ubusuku bonke ukuze baqalise inkqubo yokuqhelanisa.
- Namche Bazaar: Idolophu ephithizelayo kunye neyona ndawo yorhwebo kwingingqi yaseKhumbu. AbaTrekkers bachitha ubusuku obubini apha ukuze baziqhelanise, behlola iimarike zasekhaya kwaye bonwabele imbonakalo ye-Everest kunye nencochoyi eyingqongileyo.
- Tengboche: Iyaziwa ngemonki yayo edumileyo, iTengboche ibonelela ngemibono emangalisayo ye-Ama Dablam kunye nezinye izigebenga zaseHimalaya.
- Dingboche: Ilali esebenza njengenye indawo yokuma yokuqhelanisa, enamathuba ohambo olusecaleni ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.
- Lobuche: Indawo yokugqibela yokumisa phambi kweGorak Shep, inika umbono womhlaba omagqagala ongaphambili.
- Gorak Shep: Ukuhlaliswa kokugqibela phambi kwe-EBC, apho abakhweli banokunyuka ukuya eKala Patthar ukuze bafumane umbono we-panoramic we-Everest.
I-Acclimatization kunye nempilo
Ukuqhelanisa kubalulekile kuhambo olukhuselekileyo nolonwabisayo oluya e-EBC. Ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kuvumela abakhweli ukuba baziqhelanise nokuhla kwamaqondo eoksijini kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokugula kwindawo ephakamileyo. Iintsuku zokuphumla e-Namche Bazaar naseDingboche zibonelela ngamathuba okunyuka kwe-acclimatization, okunceda umzimba ulungelelanise iindawo eziphakamileyo.
IiTrekkers kufuneka ziyiqaphele impilo yazo, zihlale zimanzi, zitye kakuhle, kwaye zijonge iimpawu zokugula kwindawo ephakamileyo. Inkxaso yezikhokelo ezinamava kunye nokufumaneka kwezibonelelo zempilo kwiilali eziphambili zinegalelo kumava ohambo olukhuselekileyo.
Amava eNkcubeko
Uhambo lwe-EBC lubonelela ngamava atyebileyo enkcubeko, njengoko abakhweli behambo bedlula kwiilali zaseSherpa kwaye banxibelelane nabantu bendawo. Inkcubeko yeSherpa idityaniswe ngokunzulu nobuBhuda, kwaye abahambahambayo banokundwendwela iimonki, bajikeleze amavili omthandazo, kwaye babone iminyhadala yemveli. Ububele babantu bakwaSherpa kunye neemarike zasekuhlaleni ezidlamkileyo zongeza kubutyebi benkcubeko yohambo.
isiphelo
Ukunyuka kweerekhodi zeNtaba ye-Everest nguKenton Cool kunye noKami Rita Sherpa yimpumelelo ephawulekayo ebonisa amandla angaqhelekanga okunyamezela komntu kunye nendima ebalulekileyo yeSherpas ekunyukeni okuphezulu. Izinto abazifezileyo zizisa ingqwalasela kwimicelimngeni kunye noloyiso lokunyuka eyona ncopho iphakamileyo yehlabathi, lo gama bekwagxininisa ukubaluleka kweendlela ezizinzileyo nezinenkathalo zokunyuka intaba.
I-Everest Base Camp trek kunye nokunyuka ukuya kwi-summit ngendlela ye-Southeast Ridge inikezela ngamava angenakulinganiswa, abakhweli kunye nabakhweli abavela kwihlabathi jikelele. Olu hambo aluvavanyi kuphela imida yomzimba kunye nengqondo kodwa lubonelela ngamathuba okunxibelelana nobuhle obumangalisayo be-Himalaya kunye nelifa lenkcubeko etyebileyo yaseNepal.
Njengoko sibhiyozela ezi ziganeko, kubalulekile ukuqaphela imeko ebanzi yokunyuka intaba eNepal. Eli shishini ngumthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso nengqesho, liqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho nokubonelela ngamathuba kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ikwanazo nocelomngeni olufuna ukulawulwa ngenyameko ukuze kuqinisekwe ukhuseleko lwabakhweli-zintaba nokugcinwa kwendalo engqonge intaba.
Ekugqibeleni, amabali kaKenton Cool kunye noKami Rita Sherpa asikhuthaza ukuba sityhale imida yento enokwenzeka, ukuhlonipha nokukhusela imimangaliso yendalo yehlabathi lethu, kunye nokuxabisa iminikelo engakholelekiyo yabo benza ezi mpumelelo zibe nokwenzeka.
