Isingeniso
INtaba i-Everest, emi ngokubabazekayo ngamamitha angu-8,849 (29,032 amafidi), iyindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke eMhlabeni futhi iwuphawu lokulangazelela nokukhuthazela komuntu. Ukuheha kokukhulisa lesi siqongo esikhulukazi siheha abaqwali abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba, beqhutshwa isifiso sokunqoba enye yezinselele ezinkulu ekuqwaleni izintaba. Muva nje, umqwali waseBrithani u-Kenton Cool kanye nomqondisi waseNepali u-Kami Rita Sherpa babe sematheni ngokwephula amarekhodi abo emiqanseni eminingi. Mount Everest. U-Cool uzuze ingqungquthela yakhe ye-18, kuyilapho u-Sherpa efinyelela kwe-29, eqondisa amakhasimende ngomzila odumile wase-Southeast Ridge.
Ukuqwala izintaba kungaphezu nje komdlalo eNepal; kuwumsebenzi obalulekile wezokuvakasha oqhuba umnotho wendawo, ohlinzeka ngamathuba emali engenayo namathuba omsebenzi. I-Nepal, enezindawo zayo ezimangalisayo neziqongo eziphakeme, okuhlanganisa nezintaba eziyisishiyagalombili kwezingu-14 ezinde kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iyi-mecca yabaqwali nabathanda i-adventure. Isizini ngayinye yokuqwala izintaba, izwe likhiphela abaqwali izimvume, okuholela emalini eningi. Kulo nyaka, izimvume ezingu-414, ngayinye ibiza u-$11,000, ikhishwe i-Everest iyodwa.
Amaphrofayili ka-Kenton Cool kanye no-Kami Rita Sherpa
I-Kenton Cool
UKenton Cool, owazalwa ngo-July 30, 1973, eSlough, eNgilandi, ungomunye wabaqwali bezintaba baseBrithani abafeke kakhulu. Uhambo lwakhe lokuqwala lwaqala emagqumeni aseWales naseScotland, lapho aba nothando lwalo mdlalo. Umsebenzi kaCool uhlobe ngezinto eziningi ezibalulekile azizuzile, okumenza avelele emphakathini oqwala izintaba.
Ngokukhuphuka okuyimpumelelo kwe-Everest okungu-18, u-Cool uphethe irekhodi laseBrithani lezingqungquthela eziningi kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bakhe budlulela ngale kokufinyelela nje phezulu; uye waqondisa izinkambo eziningi, eqinisekisa ukuphepha nempumelelo yamakhasimende akhe. Enye yezimpumelelo eziphawulekayo zika-Cool ukuqeda i- "I-Everest Triple Crown," okuhlanganisa ukukhuphuka i-Everest, i-Lhotse, ne-Nuptse ekuphusheni okukodwa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokubuyela ekamu lesisekelo. Izinto azifezile azibonisi nje kuphela ikhono lakhe kodwa futhi ukuqina nokuzinikela kwakhe kulo mdlalo.
Kami Rita Sherpa
UKami Rita Sherpa, owazalwa ngoJanuwari 17, 1970, edolobhaneni laseThame esifundeni sase-Everest eNepal, ungumqwali ophakeme odumile. Uyise wayephakathi kwabagibeli be-Sherpa abaphayona abasiza ekumiseni imizila e-Everest, futhi uKami Rita walandela ezinyathelweni zakhe kusukela esemncane.
Ngeziqongo eziyimpumelelo ezingu-29 ze-Everest, uKami Rita uphethe irekhodi lomhlaba lokukhuphuka kakhulu kwentaba. Ulwazi lwakhe oluningi nolwazi olujulile nge-Everest kumenza abe ngomunye wabaqondisi abahlonishwa kakhulu embonini. Ngaphandle kwezinto azizuzile, umsebenzi kaKami Rita ugqamisa indima ebalulekile edlalwa nguSherpas embonini yokuqwala izintaba. I-Sherpas ibalulekile empumelelweni yohambo, ihlinzeka ngokusekelwa okuyigugu, ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo, ukumisa amakamu, nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabaqwali.
Umzila we-Southeast Ridge
Umzila oseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeRidge oya engqungqutheleni ye-Everest uyindlela ethandwa kakhulu futhi esungulwe kahle, eyaqala ukukhuphuka ngempumelelo nguSir Edmund Hillary kanye ne-Tenzing Norgay ngo-1953. Lo mzila uthandwa ngenxa yokufinyelela kwawo okuqondile kanye nokuba khona kwamakamu amisiwe endleleni, anikeza ukusekelwa okubalulekile kwabaqwali.
Uhambo oluya e-Everest Base Camp (EBC)
Uhambo oluya esiqongweni se-Everest luqala ngohambo oluya I-Everest Base Camp (EBC), indawo ngokwayo eya kubahambi abaningi. Uhambo luqala eLukla, idolobhana elincane okufinyeleleka kulo ngendiza emfushane esuka eKathmandu. Umzila unqamula amadolobhana amahle, amahlathi aminyene, namabhuloho alengayo phezu kwemifula ehlokomayo, enikeza imibono emangalisayo yezintaba ze-Himalaya.
Uhambo oluya e-EBC luthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-8-10, kuye ngohlelo lohambo kanye nezidingo zokujwayela. Izitobhi ezibalulekile emzileni zifaka iPhakding, iNamche Bazaar, iTengboche, iDingboche, neLobuche. Idolobhana ngalinye linikeza abahamba ngezinyawo ithuba lokuphumula, ukujwayela, nokuzwa isiko lendawo kanye nokungenisa izihambi.
I-Namche Bazaar, evame ukubhekwa njengesango eliya ezintabeni eziphakeme ze-Himalaya, iyisitobhi esibalulekile sokujwayela. Leli dolobha eliphithizelayo linikeza izinsiza ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izitolo, amathilomu, nezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi, okulenza libe yindawo yokuphumula edumile. Umqansa uqhubeka udlula e-Tengboche, eyaziwa ngendawo yayo yezindela, kanye ne-Dingboche, lapho abahambi bechitha khona izinsuku ezengeziwe bejwayelana ngaphambi kokufika e-Lobuche.
Ekugcineni, abahamba ngezinyawo bafika e-Gorak Shep, indawo yokugcina ngaphambi kwe-EBC. Ukusuka e-Gorak Shep, umzila uholela e-Everest Base Camp, esendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-5,364 (amafidi angu-17,598). I-EBC isebenza njengendawo yesiteji yabaqwali abazama ukuhlanganisa i-Everest, ihlinzeka ngendawo eguquguqukayo egcwele amatende anemibalabala, abaqwali abavela emhlabeni wonke, kanye nomuzwa ozwakalayo wokulindela.
Ukukhuphuka eSoutheast Ridge
Umqansa usuka ku-EBC uye engqungqutheleni ye-Everest uhlukaniswe izigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinesethi yaso yezinselele nobungozi. Umzila umakwe ngochungechunge lwamakamu, ngalinye linikeza ukuphumula okubalulekile nendawo yokujwayela kwabaqwali.
- Khumbu Icefall: Isithiyo sokuqala esikhulu iKhumbu Icefall, iqhwa eliyingozi futhi elihlala lishintshashintsha elinama-serac eqhwa aphakeme kanye nemifantu ejulile. Abaqwali bazulazula ku-Icefall besebenzisa izitebhisi nezintambo, behamba ngokushesha ukuze banciphise ukuchayeka engcupheni yokuwa kweqhwa. I-Icefall ingenye yezingxenye eziyingozi kakhulu zomqansa futhi idinga ukuzulazula ngokucophelela.
- I-Camp I (amamitha angu-6,065 / 19,900 izinyawo): Ngemva kokuwela i-Icefall, abaqwali bafika eCamp I, etholakala eWestern Cwm, isigodi esineqhwa. Indawo eyisicaba ye-Cwm inikeza ikhefu elifushane, kodwa ukuphakama okuphezulu kanye nelanga elibukhali elibonisa iqhwa kungenza uhambo lube inselele.
- I-Camp II (amamitha angu-6,400 / 21,000 izinyawo): Kusuka ekamu I, abaqwali bakhuphukela eCamp II, engaphansi kwe-Lhotse Face. Lesi sigaba sibandakanya ukuwela i-Western Cwm nokuzulazula ezindaweni ezivulekile. I-Camp II isebenza njengenkambu eyisisekelo ethuthukisiwe, enikeza indawo yokukhosela nempahla eningi.
- I-Lhotse Face ne-Camp III (amamitha angu-7,162 / 23,500 izinyawo): Umqansa uqhubeka ukhuphukele endaweni eyimmango i-Lhotse Face, udonga lweqhwa oludinga izintambo eziqinile ukuze uphephe. I-Camp III ibekwe onqenqemeni oluncane ku-Lhotse Face, ihlinzeka indawo yokuphumula ebucayi yabaqwali.
- I-South Col ne-Camp IV (amamitha angu-7,920 / 26,000 izinyawo): I-Camp IV, etholakala eSouth Col, iyindawo yokugcina ngaphambi kwe-summit push. Abaqwali baphumula lapha kafushane futhi balungiselela ingxenye eyinselele yokukhuphuka. I-South Col ibhekene nemimoya enamandla namakhaza amakhulu, okwenza kube indawo enzima.
- I-Summit Push: Ukucindezela kwengqungquthela kuqala ekuseni kakhulu, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamabili, ukuze kusetshenziswe amafasitela amafushane wesimo sezulu futhi afike esiqongweni ngokuntwela kokusa. Izimpawu zomhlaba ezibalulekile endleleni zihlanganisa:
- I-Balcony: Inkundla encane ecishe ibe ngamamitha angu-8,400 (amafidi angu-27,600) lapho abaqwali bengakwazi ukuphumula futhi bashintshe amathangi abo omoya-mpilo.
- South Summit: Cishe kumamitha angu-8,749 (28,700 feet), i-South Summit iyingqungquthela engamanga enikeza umbono wokuqala wokukhuphuka kokugcina.
- Hillary Step: Ubuso betshe obucishe bume mpo ngezansi nje kwengqungquthela, obuqanjwe ngoSir Edmund Hillary. Lesi sigaba sidinga ukukhuphuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqondisa ngokucophelela.
- Le Ngqungquthela: Ingxenye yokugcina ihilela umthambeka ophansi oholela esiqongweni, lapho abagibeli bezintaba beklonyeliswa ngokubuka okumangalisayo nokwaneliseka okukhulu kokuma phezu komhlaba.
Izinselelo Zokukhuphuka I-Everest
Ukuqwala iMount Everest kugcwele izinselele, ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ukuphakama okwedlulele, izimo zezulu ezinzima, kanye nesimo sezwe esinzima sikwenza kube ngenye yezintaba ezinzima neziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ukugula Kwendawo Ephakeme
Enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko ukugula kwe-altitude, okungathinta abaqwali ezindaweni eziphakeme ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-2,500 (8,200 feet). Umoya omncane ezindaweni eziphakeme unciphisa inani le-oxygen etholakalayo, okuholela ezimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, isiyezi, nokuphefumula. Izinhlobo ezinzima zokugula kwe-altitude, njenge-high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) kanye ne-high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), zingabeka impilo engozini futhi zidinga ukwehla ngokushesha ezindaweni eziphansi.
Izimo Zezulu Ezinzima
Isimo sezulu e-Everest saziwa ngendlela engalindelekile futhi singashintsha ngokushesha. Abaqwali kumele babhekane namakhaza amakhulu, umoya onamandla, kanye nengozi yeziqhwaga. Amazinga okushisa angehla aze afike ku-40°C (-40°F) noma ngaphansi, futhi isivinini somoya singadlula amakhilomitha angu-100 ngehora (amamayela angu-62 ngehora). Lezi zimo ezinzima zidinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwegiya elikhethekile ukuze kuvikelwe isithwathwa kanye ne-hypothermia.
Izidingo zomzimba
Izidingo zomzimba zokuqwala i-Everest zinkulu. Abaqwali kumele babe sesimweni somzimba esiphezulu ukuze bakhuthazelele amahora amaningi omsebenzi onzima, ngokuvamile kuyilapho bethwele imithwalo esindayo futhi bezulazula endaweni ekhohlisayo. Ukukhuphuka kudinga izinga eliphezulu lokuqina, ukubekezela, namakhono obuchwepheshe okukhuphuka.
Izinselele Zengqondo
Izinselelo ezingokwengqondo zokuqwala i-Everest zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ukuzihlukanisa, izimo ezimbi kakhulu, nokukhathala ngokomzimba kungase kube nomthelela empilweni yengqondo. Abaqwali kumele bahlale begxilile, beqinile, futhi bekwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezibucayi ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Amandla engqondo okuphusha ezigabeni zokugcina zokukhuphuka, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “indawo yokufa” ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-8,000 (amafidi angu-26,247), kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele.
Iqhaza lika-Sherpas ku-Mountaineering
I-Sherpas idlala indima ebalulekile empumelelweni yohambo lwe-Everest. Laba bantu bomdabu basezintaba ze-Himalaya baziwa ngamakhono abo okuqwala izintaba, ukukhuthazela, nekhono lokuchuma ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ama-Sherpas angamalungu abalulekile amaqembu akhuphukayo, ahlinzeka ngokusekela, ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo, ukumisa amakamu, ukulungisa izintambo, nokuqondisa abaqwali ezindaweni eziyinselele kakhulu zomzila.
Iminikelo kaSherpas ivamise ukubukelwa phansi, nokho ubuchwepheshe babo nokusebenza kanzima kwabo kubalulekile empumelelweni nasekuphepheni kohambo. Ama-Sherpa afana no-Kami Rita, abanolwazi lwamashumi eminyaka nokukhuphuka okuningi, bayisibonelo sendima ebalulekile abayidlalayo ekuqwaleni izintaba.
Umthelela Wezomnotho Wokukhwela Izintaba eNepal
Ukuqwala izintaba kunomthelela omkhulu emnothweni waseNepal, okuhlinzeka ngemali enkulu namathuba omsebenzi. Izwe liyikhaya leziqongo eziyisishiyagalombili kwezingu-14 eziphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni, okulenza libe indawo ephambili yabaqwali nezihambeli zohambo.
Izimali Zemvume Nemali Engenayo
Uhulumeni waseNepal ukhipha izimvume zokugibela i-Everest, imvume ngayinye ibiza u-$11,000. Ngesizini yokuqwala ka-2024, kwakhishwa izimvume ezingama-414, okwenza imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4.5 zamarandi. Lezi zimali zibalulekile emnothweni wezwe futhi zisiza ekusekeleni izinhlelo ezahlukene zikahulumeni kanye nemiklamo yengqalasizinda.
Amathuba Emisebenzi
I-Mountaineering ihlinzeka ngamathuba emisebenzi ezinkulungwaneni zabantu, okuhlanganisa nabaqondisi, abathwali, abapheki, nabasebenzi abasekelayo. Ukuthutheleka kwabaqwali izintaba kusekela amabhizinisi endawo, kusukela kuma-ejensi ahamba ngezinyawo kanye nezindawo zokulala kuya ezitolo nezindawo zokudlela. Izinzuzo zezomnotho zidlulela ngale kwesifunda esiseduze se-Everest Base Camp, okunomthelela emnothweni obanzi waseNepal.
Izinselelo Nokusimama
Ukuduma kwe-Everest nakho kuletha izinselelo, ikakhulukazi ezihlobene nokuminyana kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Inombolo ephezulu yabaqwali ingaholela esiminyaminyeni sentaba, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sefasitela elifushane lokukhuphuka ngoMeyi. Lokhu kwandisa ingozi yezingozi futhi kubeka umthwalo owengeziwe endaweni ebuthakathaka yentaba.
Kwenziwa imizamo yokulawula isibalo sabaqwala izintaba nokuqinisekisa izinqubo ezisimeme. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho eqinile yezimvume, izimiso zokulawulwa kwemfucuza okuyimpoqo, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhuthaza ezokuvakasha ezinomthwalo wemfanelo. Umgomo uwukugcina ubuhle bemvelo be-Everest ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha kwabaqwali kanye nenhlalakahle yemiphakathi yendawo.
I-Everest Base Camp (EBC) Trek
Uhambo oluya e-Everest Base Camp wuhambo lokuzidela oludumile olunikeza ukubukwa okumangazayo, okuhlangenwe nakho kwamasiko, kanye nokunambitha kokuhamba ngezinyawo endaweni ephakeme ngaphandle kwezidingo zobuchwepheshe zokukhuphuka isiqongo ngokwaso. Uhambo lwe-EBC lufinyeleleka kubahambi bamazinga ahlukene wamakhono futhi lunikeza uhambo olungasoze lwalibaleka phakathi kwenhliziyo yezintaba ze-Himalaya.
Umzila Wokuhamba
Uhambo luqala eLukla, idolobhana elinomzila wezindiza odumile omfushane nomqansa, okufinyeleleka kuwo ngendiza yemizuzu engu-30 ukusuka eKathmandu. Ukusuka eLukla, umzila unqamula amadolobhana amahle, amahlathi aluhlaza, futhi unqamule amabhuloho alenga imifula ehlokomayo.
Izitobhi ezibalulekile ohambweni zifaka:
- Phakding: Isitobhi sokuqala ngemva kwe-Lukla, lapho abahambi bechitha khona ubusuku ukuze baqale inqubo yokujwayela.
- UNamche Bazaar: Idolobha eliphithizelayo kanye nesikhungo esikhulu sokuhweba esifundeni saseKhumbu. Ama-Trekkers achitha ubusuku obubili lapha ukuze ajwayelane, ahlole izimakethe zendawo futhi ajabulele ukubukwa kwe-Everest neziqongo ezizungezile.
- Tengboche: Yaziwa ngesigodlo sayo esiyisakhiwo sodumo, iTengboche inikeza imibono emangalisayo ye-Ama Dablam nezinye iziqhwaga zase-Himalaya.
- Dingboche: Idolobhana elisebenza njengesinye isitobhi sokujwayela, esinamathuba ohambo oluseceleni oluya ezindaweni eziphakeme.
- Lobuche: Isitobhi sokugcina ngaphambi kwe-Gorak Shep, sinikeza amazwibela ngendawo emagebhugebhu ezayo.
- Gorak Shep: Indawo yokugcina ngaphambi kwe-EBC, lapho abahambi bengakwazi futhi ukuqwala izintaba baye e-Kala Patthar ukuze bathole umbono we-Everest.
I-Acclimatization kanye Nezempilo
Ukuzijwayeza kubalulekile ohambweni oluphephile nolujabulisayo oluya ku-EBC. Ukukhuphuka kancane kancane kuvumela abahamba ngezinyawo ukuthi bazijwayeze namazinga e-oxygen anciphayo futhi banciphise ingozi yokugula endaweni ephakeme. Izinsuku zokuphumula e-Namche Bazaar nase-Dingboche zinikeza amathuba okugibela i-aclimatization, okusiza umzimba ukujwayela ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Ama-Trekkers kumele aqaphele impilo yawo, ahlale engenamanzi, adle kahle, futhi aqaphe izimpawu zokugula kokuphakama kolwandle. Ukwesekwa kwabaqondisi abanolwazi kanye nokuba khona kwezikhungo zezempilo ezindaweni ezibalulekile kunomthelela ekwenzeni uhambo oluphephile.
Okuhlangenwe nakho Kwamasiko
Uhambo lwe-EBC lunikeza okuhlangenwe nakho okucebile kwamasiko, njengoba abahamba ngezinyawo bedlula ezindaweni zaseSherpa futhi bahlanganyele nabantu bendawo. Isiko lamaSherpa lixhumene ngokujulile nobuBuddha, futhi abahamba ngezinyawo bangavakashela izindlu zezindela, bajikeleze amasondo omthandazo, futhi babone imikhosi yendabuko. Ukungenisa izihambi kwabantu bakwaSherpa kanye nezimakethe zendawo ezinempilo kwengeza ekunotheni kwamasiko ohambo.
Isiphetho
Izintaba ezephula irekhodi ze-Mount Everest ka-Kenton Cool kanye no-Kami Rita Sherpa ziyizimpumelelo eziphawulekayo ezigqamisa amakhono angavamile okukhuthazela komuntu kanye nendima ebalulekile ye-Sherpas ekuqwaleni indawo ephakeme. Okufeziwe kwabo kuletha ukunakekela ezinseleleni nasekunqobeni kokuqwala isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kuyilapho futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwemikhuba yokuqwala izintaba esimeme nenesibopho.
Uhambo lwe-Everest Base Camp kanye nokukhuphukela esiqongweni ngomzila we-Southeast Ridge kunikeza ulwazi olungenakuqhathaniswa, ukudweba abaqwali nabahamba ngezinyawo abavela emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zigigaba azivivinyi nje kuphela imikhawulo engokomzimba nengqondo kodwa futhi zinikeza amathuba okuxhumana nobuhle obubabazekayo be-Himalaya kanye namagugu acebile aseNepal.
Njengoba sigubha lezi zenzakalo ezibalulekile, kubalulekile ukuqaphela umongo obanzi wokuqwala izintaba eNepal. Imboni iwumthombo obalulekile wemali engenayo nokuqashwa, eqhuba ukukhula komnotho futhi ihlinzeka ngamathuba emiphakathini yendawo. Nokho, iphinde ibe nezinselelo ezidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabaqwali nokulondolozwa kwemvelo yale ntaba.
Ekugcineni, izindaba zika-Kenton Cool kanye no-Kami Rita Sherpa ziyasikhuthaza ukuthi siqhube imingcele yalokho okungenzeka, ukuhlonipha nokuvikela izimangaliso zemvelo zomhlaba wethu, kanye nokwazisa iminikelo emangalisayo yalabo abenza lezi zinzuzo zenzeke.
