INepal iyizwe lezimanga zamasiko. Abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene behlala eNepal kusukela kudala. Lokhu sekudale ukuthi kugujwe imikhosi ehlukahlukene. Eminye yale mikhosi igujwa kulo lonke elaseNepal, kanti eminye igujwa ezindaweni ezithile.
Izazi zezinkanyezi zilungisa izinsuku zemikhosi eminingi elandela ikhalenda lenyanga. Imikhosi igujwa ngesasasa elikhulu, futhi ngemikhosi engaphezu kuka-50, iNepal ingabizwa ngokuthi izwe imikhosi.
Eminye yemikhosi emikhulu yaseNepal imi kanje:
I-Dashain:
I-Dashain ingumkhosi omkhulu kunayo yonke eNepal futhi ifanekisela ukunqoba kokuhle phezu kobubi. Lo mkhosi yisikhathi sokuhlangana kwemindeni, ukushintshana ngezibusiso nezipho, ngaphezu kwama-puja ayinkimbinkimbi.
Kungumkhosi wamandla wesifazane ophawulwa ukukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi uDurga ngezindlela zakhe eziyisishiyagalolunye usuku ngalunye ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye zokuqala zomkhosi. Umkhosi uphinde uphawule ukunqoba kweNkosi uRam phezu kwenkosi yamademoni, Ravana.Izinganekwane zamaHindu zilandisa ngokunqoba kobuhle, “uDurga,” phezu kwedemoni elibizwa ngokuthi “uMahisasur.” Unkulunkulukazi wabulala leli demoni empini eyathatha izinsuku eziningi.
I-Dashain igujwa izinsuku eziyi-15 sezizonke, usuku ngalunye lunokubaluleka kwalo. Ngosuku lokuqala, elithi "Ghatasthapana" ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukubeka ibhodwe. I-10th Usuku luphawulwa ngokwamukela i-Tika (isiphuzo esibomvu esibomvu esixutshwe ne-yogurt nelayisi, okuyinto etholakala eNepal kuphela), i-Jamara (izithombo ezincane zebhali, ummbila, imbewu yelayisi), kanye nezibusiso ezivela kwabadala.
I-Dashain yenzeka phakathi nobusuku obubili benyanga kuze kube inyanga egcwele ngo-Okthoba.
I-Tihar:
I-Tihar iwumkhosi wezibani futhi iyingqayizivele ngoba ibonisa inhlonipho kubo bobabili Onkulunkulu nezilwane ezikhonze abantu kahle.
Umgubho waqala ngo-Yama, unkulunkulu wokufa, nodadewabo, amaYamuna. Kuthiwa wathumela ukuthi amvakashele izikhathi eziningi futhi, ekugcineni, waya kobona umfowabo. Wamkhulekela nge- tika nezimbali, ezungeza ngamafutha esinaphi kanye nethi “Dubo” - uhlobo lotshani futhi wacela u-Yamaraj ukuba angayi kuze amafutha, “Dubo,” futhi imbali yomile, ngakho wonke udade wayekhulekela umfowabo efisa ukuphila kwakhe okude.
Kusukela ekukhulekeleni amagwababa, izinja, izinkomo, nezinkabi kuya ekukhulekeleni u-Yama, uNkulunkulu Wokufa, uLaxmi, Unkulunkulukazi Wengcebo, kanye nezibusiso zezingane zakini, uTihar ukugoqa konke ngomkhosi ohlanzekile wezinsuku ezinhlanu. Iphawuleka ngokukhanyisa ezindlini ngamakhandlela, izibani zezibani zikawoyela nezibani zikagesi. Ukudlala i-caroling ngendlela ye-Deusi ne-Bhailo nayo yenziwa ngesikhathi se-Tihar.
Isikhathi sikaTihar sisekelwe ekwethwaseni kwenyanga, okungaba ngoNovemba noma ngo-Okthoba.
I-Chhath:
I-Chhath Puja umkhosi owenzelwa ukukhulekela unkulunkulu welanga, u-Surya, okhonzwa njengamandla okuphila omhlaba, kanye nodadewabo u-Chhathi Maiya ukuze bafisele ukuvikelwa kokuvikela inzalo yomuntu nokuphila kwayo isikhathi eside.
Lo mkhosi uhlanganisa amasiko nemikhuba ehlonipha ilanga ngethemba lokuthi uzonikezwa ukuphila okude nokunempilo yena kanye nabathandekayo bakhe. Umgubho we-Chhath utholwe kokubili eRamayana naseMahabharata.
E-Ramayana, kuthiwa isiqalo siqala ngo-Lord Ram nomkakhe uSita, okuthiwa lapho bebuya ekudingisweni bagcina inzilo yokudumisa unkulunkulu weLanga futhi bayiphula ngokushona kwelanga kuphela. Lokhu kamuva kwavela ku-Chhath puja. Ngenkathi iseMahabharata, indodana yeNkosi uSurya uKarna kuthiwa yenza umthandazo kunkulunkulu weLanga emi emanzini futhi inikela iminikelo kwabaswele.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelaphi, i-Chhath manje ihlanganisa idili lezinsuku ezine elihlanganisa ukugeza okungcwele, ukuzila ukudla, ukukhulekela, nokwenza iminikelo elangeni ekuphumeni nokushona kwelanga. Umkhosi ngokuvamile uwela esikhathini esithile ngo-Okthoba noma ngoNovemba.
UMaha Shivaratri:
UMaha Shivaratri uphawula umgubho kankulunkulu wamaHindu uShiva. Umkhosi uphawula inkumbulo yokunqoba ubumnyama nokungazi empilweni nasemhlabeni. Kukholelwa ukuthi usuku lapho uShiva enza khona i-Tandav - umdanso we-cosmic.
Kunezindaba eziningana ngemvelaphi yomkhosi. Enye indaba enjalo ithi ngesikhathi sikaSamudra Manthan - ukugobhoza kolwandle lwasezulwini lobisi, kwavela ibhodwe olwandle elalinoshevu. Becabanga ukuthi kuzophawula ukuphela komhlaba, bonke onkulunkulu namadimoni baya eNkosini uShiva, owayiphuza wayibamba emphinjeni. Ngakho-ke, usuku luphawula ukuphela kweNkosi Shiva esindisa umhlaba.
Umkhosi ugujwa ngokukhumbula iNkosi Shiva nokucula imithandazo, ukuzila ukudla nokuzindla. Ngalolu suku, iThempeli lasePashupatinath lifakaza inqwaba yezazi ezingcwele kanye nabazinikele emagcekeni ukuze bakhonze.
Ivamise ukuwa ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari noma ekuqaleni kukaNdasa.
I-Holi:
I-Holi umkhosi wemibala futhi iphawula ukunqoba kobuhle phezu kobubi. Igubha intwasahlobo, uthando, nempilo entsha. Umgubho ube khona ngokubhujiswa kwedemoni u-Holika. UHolika ubesemkhankasweni wakhe wokushisa iNkosana uPrahlad, ozinikele oshisekayo weNkosi uVishnu kodwa wazishisa waba umlotha. Inkosana ayizange imlimaze, abantu bayifafaza ngamanzi amibalabala ukuze bagubhe.
I-Holi igujwa ngokuzitika ngokudlala ngempushana enemibala, amanzi anemibala, kanye nokuzijabulisa okuvamile ngokudansa nokucula. Abantu baphinde bazitike nge-bhang - ingxube yensangu, ubisi, nezinongo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezibiliboco ezinisela emlonyeni, njenge-Pakoras - i-spiced fritter, i-Thandai - isiphuzo esimnandi esinesisekelo sobisi esinezithako ezifana nama-alimondi, i-safron, nembewu ye-poppy ukuthuthukisa umoya womkhosi.
Ugujwa ngosuku lokugcina lwenyanga egcwele yenyanga yekhalenda lama-Hindu lunisolar, evamise ukuwa ekuqaleni kukaMashi.
Unyaka Omusha WaseNepali:
INepal igubha unyaka omusha ngesikhathi esihluke ngokuphelele emhlabeni wonke. INepal ilandela uhlelo lwekhalenda oluhlukile olubizwa ngokuthi iBikram Sambat, olungaphambi kweminyaka engu-56.7 kunekhalenda likaGregory elisebenzisa ilanga. Umsuka woNyaka Omusha waseNepal uqala enkathini yoMbusi uVikramaditya, owayesebenzisa izinyanga zenyanga kanye nonyaka welanga osebenzisa ilanga.
Emini, abantu bahlangana ngokuvakashela izihlobo zabo nokuba nomhlangano nabangani. Kukhunjulwa ngethemba lokuba nezibusiso eziningi kanye nokuchuma. Kuqhutshwa nemisebenzi ejabulisayo efana nokudansa emgwaqweni kanye nemibuthano. Imikhosi efana nemikhosi yaminyaka yonke yeBisket Jatra kanye neBode Jatra nayo yenziwa ngesikhathi soNyaka Omusha. Imicimbi kanye namaphathi nawo ahlelwa emahhotela nasezindaweni zokudlela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku.
Lokhu kwenzeka maphakathi no-April.
I-Bisket Jatra:
I-Bisket Jatra ngumkhosi wendawo wesifunda saseBhaktapur kanye nezindawo ezithile zasendaweni eNepal. Uphawulwa ngumkhosi wesonto lonke ophawula uNyaka Omusha wasendulo welanga. Lo mkhosi waqalwa yiNkosi uJagajyoti Malla, owayethanda izinganekwane nezinganekwane ngenkosazana enhle neqalekisiwe, okwabangela ukuba umyeni wayo afe ngosuku olulandelayo. Indoda enesibindi yagcina imkhulule ngokubulala izinyoka ezazibangela ukufa komyeni. Indaba yaphefumulela inkosi kakhulu kangangokuthi yanquma ukuyidala kabusha ngokugubha i-Bisket Jatra.
Umkhosi uqala ngemva kwesiko elikhethekile le-Tantric ethempelini laseBhairav eTaumadhi Tole eBhaktapur. Lo mkhosi uhlanganisa ukumiswa nokuwa kweLingo, isigxobo esibonisa ukuwa kwesitha sakho. Kukhona futhi nokudonswa kwempi kokunquma ukushayela inqola yeNkosi uBhairav iye ohlangothini oluphezulu noma oluphansi lomuzi.
Ukugcotshwa kwe-Sindoor (impuphu ye-vermillion e-orange) ngesikhathi sokucubungula izinqola ngokucula nokudansa ngokuvumelana nomculo wendabuko ngesikhathi sodwendwe nakho kwenziwa. Umcimbi wokubhoboza ulimi nawo ubanjwa yisizwe samaShrestha endaweni yaseBode.
Umkhosi ugujwa ekuqaleni konyaka omusha waseNepali, owela phakathi no-April.
Buddha Jayanti:
UBuddha Jayanti uphawula ukuzalwa kukaBuddha futhi ungumkhosi okhethekile wamaHindu namaBuddha eNepal. Igubha impilo yeNkosi uBuddha kuzo zonke izigaba - ukuzalwa kwakhe, ukukhanyiselwa, nokufa kwakhe. Kuthiwa uBuddha wazalwa, wathola i-nirvana, futhi wafa enyangeni egcwele ye-Baisakh - inyanga yokuqala ekhalendeni laseNepali.
Abazinikele bagcwala indawo okwazalelwa kuyo uBuddha eLumbini ngalolu suku. Kuqhutshwa udwendwe ekuseni. Emini, kwenzeka imicimbi yamasiko. Ebusuku ithempeli likaMaya Devi - umama wokuzalwa kaBuddha uhlotshiswe ngezinkulungwane zezibani. Esigodini saseKathmandu, kukhokhwa ukudumisa kuBuddha kuma-stupas, ikakhulukazi eSwayambhunath naseBoudhanath. Lezi stupas zihlotshiswe ngezibani ezenza umbono onokuthula, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Abalandeli nezindela banikela ngamakhandlela, izimbali, nezithelo ezihlukene esikhundleni seNkosi uBuddha. Kubuye kushiswe impepho, egcwalisa umoya ngephunga elimnandi.
Kubhekwa ngoMeyi.
UJanai Purnima:
I-Janai Purnima ingumkhosi wama-Hindi ogujwa kulo lonke elaseNepal ngokugcina amasiko nama-Hindu amasiko namasiko amaShaman. Umkhosi waqala njengokuvuselelwa kwe-Janai - intambo igqokwa ngokulinganayo, kusukela ehlombe lesobunxele kuya okhalweni lwesokudla, inqamula isifuba kumadoda aseBrahmin, Kshatriya, kanye neVaishya caste. UJanai ukholelwa ukuthi uhlanza umphefumulo futhi uvikela umzimba ebubini.
Lo mkhosi usuvele ujwayele imikhosi eyahlukahlukene. Abazinikele nabo babopha intambo engcwele ezihlakaleni zabo ngalolu suku. Ithafa eliseningizimu ligujwa njengeRakshya Bandhan, umkhosi wokugubha isibopho sothando nothando phakathi kwabafowethu nodadewethu. AmaShaman asesigodini saseKathmandu nasezindaweni ezizungezile zaseNepal nawo ayahlangana ukuze enze amasiko awo asendulo. Izakhamuzi zase Isigodi saseKathmandu futhi lungisa isobho lenhlanganisela yobhontshisi ebizwa ngokuthi iKwati njengokudla okukhethekile kosuku.
Kwenzeka phakathi nenyanga egcwele njalo ngo-August.
I-Gai Jatra:
I-Gai Jatra, ngokwezwi nezwi okusho umkhosi wenkomo, iwumkhosi oseSigodini saseKathmandu wokukhumbula ukufa kwabathandekayo. Umkhosi waqala lapho iNdlovukazi yaseMalla imvelaphi ilila ukufa okungazelelwe kwendodana yakhe. Ngenhloso yokumduduza, iSilo sicele yonke imindeni eshonelwe ukuthi iphume ngodwendwe ukuze ikhombise indlovukazi ukuthi ayiyedwa ekuhluphekeni kwayo.
Kulo mkhosi, amalungu omndeni, iningi labo abashona ngonyaka odlule, athumela abantu, iningi labo okuyizingane ezigqoke okwezinkomo, ukuba bayobukisa emigwaqweni. Imigwaqo iphila ngokuzifihla njengezinkomo noma i-Jhankis - izinyanga ezigqoka izifihla-buso. Ukwabelana ngosizi nokududuzeka ngokwazi ukuthi abathandekayo abalahlekile baphephile yisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokugubha lo mkhosi. Futhi kuwusiko ukuphula izingxoxo ezihlekisayo, amahlaya, ukubhuqa, ngisho nokuma ngesikhathi se-Gai Jatra.
Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngoJulayi noma ngo-August.
I-Teej:
Umkhosi weTeej uyisikhumbuzo sokuhlangana kabusha kukaShiva noParvati, usuku uShiva amamukela ngalo njengomkakhe. Kungumkhosi wabesifazane abacela isibusiso esikhethekile seNkosi uShiva ukuze bathole umyeni omuhle futhi bathandazele impilo ende nokuchuma kwabo.
Lo mkhosi waba lapho uParvati, indodakazi yeNkosi yaseHimalaya, ezila futhi ephila impilo enzima iminyaka eminingi efisa ukushada noShiva. Ngakho-ke, lolu suku luphawulwa ngabesifazane abazila ukudla futhi babonise ukuzinikela kwabo ngokudansa amahora ekushiseni, lina futhi bangaphuzi ngisho namanzi noma bangadli ukudla usuku lonke.
Abesifazane abashadile babizwa abazali babo ukuba bazodla umcimbi obizwa ngokuthi Dar. Abesifazane abagqoke i-sari ebomvu neluhlaza bangabonakala kulo lonke elaseNepal, ikakhulukazi; Imigqa emide yabesifazane abazama ukukhulekela ethempelini lasePashupatinath iwumbono weqiniso ongawubona. Ngosuku lwesithathu, abesifazane banelisa abangcwele abayisikhombisa ngokubanika ukudla, imali, neminye iminikelo. Abanye bageza ngodaka olubomvu futhi baxube amazinyo abo nge-Datiwan - amagatsha esihlahla sasehlathini abanethemba lokuhlanzwa komphefumulo nomzimba.
Kwenzeka cishe ngo-August.
I-Losar:
I-Losar ingumkhosi obalulekile wawo wonke amaBuddha njengoba ugujwa kabanzi ezweni lonke. I-Losar isho unyaka omusha futhi igujwa eNepal ngezindlela ezintathu: i-Tamu Losar, i-Sonam Losar, ne-Gyalpo Losar. I-Tamu Lhosar iwe ekupheleni kukaDisemba noma ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari. I-Gyalpo Lhosar igujwa ngo-Ephreli, kanti i-Sonam Lhosar igujwa enyangeni entsha ka-March.
Ngokwekhalenda likaGurung, uTamu Losar ugujwa yiqembu lesizwe samaGurung eNepal, okumaka ukuqala kweSambat Tamu. Kuhlelwa imicimbi yamasiko, futhi abantu bagqoke izingubo zesintu ukuze bathamele lezi zinhlelo. Futhi, ngalolo suku, baya emikhosini nasemikhosini ezindaweni ezingcwele zamaBuddha.
I-Gyalpo Losar igujwa yiqembu lesizwe sakwaSherpa futhi iphawula ukuqala konyaka omusha waseTibet. Izindlu ziyahlanzwa, futhi ikakhulukazi ikhishi yindawo lapho umkhaya udlela khona. Ngokugubha uNyaka Omusha, kunikezwa izitsha eziningana ezahlukene, njenge-Guthunk - uhlobo lwe-dumpling, isobho elikhethekile elihlanganisa inhlanganisela yenyama, i-yak ushizi, irayisi, ukolweni, nemifino.
USonam Losar ugujwa yiqembu lesizwe samaTamang elimaka ukuqala konyaka omusha weTamang. Ngalolu suku, abantu bahlanza futhi bahlobise izindlu zabo futhi bavakashele izindlu zezindela ukuze bathandaze futhi balengise amafulegi. Lolu suku luphinde luhambisane nokudlalwa kwemidanso nemikhosi yaseSelo ezindlini zezindela zamaBuddha nama-stupas. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukunqoba amandla amabi futhi unikeze ukwesekwa okuhle.
I-Indra Jatra:
I-Indra Jatra iyifestiveli yasemgwaqweni yezenkolo enkulu kunazo zonke e-Kathmandu, ephawula ukuqala kwesizini yomkhosi wenyanga yonke wekwindla. Kubonisa ukukhulekelwa kukankulunkulu u-Indra, inkosi yezulu, noKumari, unkulunkulukazi ophilayo.
Inkosi uGunakamadeva iqale lo mkhosi wokukhumbula ukusungulwa kwedolobha laseKathmandu. Umkhosi uqala ngokumiswa kweLinga - isigxobo lapho kubanjwe khona isibhengezo se-Indra. Imidanso efihliwe enezigubhu zomculo yenzeka emgwaqeni cishe njalo kusihlwa. Kukhona nempahla yenqola ye-Kumari phakathi nalo mkhosi.
Izindawo ezingcwele kanye nezakhiwo zesigodlo sasendulo ezizungeze i-Kathmandu Durbar Square ziyavutha ngezintambo zikawoyela phakathi nalo mgubho. Ngaphambi kwethempeli likaKumari, kukhona futhi umthetho obonisa ukudalwa kweNkosi Vishnu okuyishumi.
Iwa ngoSepthemba.
Ghode Jatra:
I-Ghode Jatra FestivalI-Ghode Jatra ihunyushwa cishe ngokuthi i-horse parade, futhi ngokufanelekile, lo mkhosi uqukethe imibukiso yamahhashi e-Tundikhel, e-Kathmandu. Idemoni elinguTundi kuthiwa selithuse abantu isikhathi eside. Ekugcineni wabulawa, futhi abantu bajabulela ukugibela amahhashi phezu komzimba wakhe. Kukholakala ukuthi idemoni lisewusongo, futhi minyaka yonke, kudingeka umsindo wezinselo zamahhashi ukuze linqande umoya wakhe.
Ngalolu suku, izikhulu eziphezulu zamasosha, izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu, kanye namanxusa beza eTundikhel ukuzobona imijaho yamahhashi kanye nemidlalo ye-acrobatics. Kukholelwa ukuthi lapho amahhashi egijima ngokushesha, yilapho umoya wamademoni unqotshwa ngokushesha. Umdlalo wamahhashi ukhonjiswa ochungechungeni lwezobuciko. Ibutho liphinde libonise amakhono abo njengama-paratrooper ngendiza endizayo eduze. Izizwe ezintsha e-Kathmandu Valley nazo zimaka umkhosi ngedili. Baphinde baphathe izithombe zikankulunkulukazi u-Bhadrakali kanye noNkulunkulukazikazi u-Kankeshwari phezu kwemigwaqo emincane yase-Asan ngaphambi nje kobusuku be-Ghode Jatra.
Kubonwa minyaka yonke maphakathi no-March noma ekuqaleni kuka-April.
Ekugcineni,
Ukuvakashela iNepal ngesikhathi semikhosi kuyindlela eyiqiniso yokuthola ukuchayeka kwamasiko eNepal. Uma uhlela ukuzwa amagugu namasiko aseNepal, kubalulekile ukuhlola iNepal ngale mikhosi. Le mikhosi isakazwa unyaka wonke, ngakho-ke ngokukuvumela kwakho, ungathola ithuba lokuhlangana nocezu lwesiko laseNepal.
