Gabatarwa
Dutsen Everest, wanda yake tsaye da girmansa a tsayin mita 8,849 (ƙafa 29,032), shine mafi tsayi a Duniya kuma alama ce ta burin ɗan adam da juriya. Sha'awar hawa wannan babban tsaunin yana jan hankalin masu hawa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, wanda sha'awar shawo kan ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen hawa dutse ke haifarwa. Kwanan nan, ɗan wasan hawan dutse na Birtaniya Kenton Cool da jagoran Nepal Kami Rita Sherpa sun yi fice a kanun labarai ta hanyar karya tarihin hawan Dutsen Everest . Cool ya kai kololuwarsa ta 18, yayin da Sherpa ya kai kololuwarsa ta 29, yana jagorantar abokan cinikinsa ta hanyar hanyar Southeast Ridge mai shahara.
Hawan tsaunin ya wuce wasa kawai a Nepal; muhimmin aikin yawon shakatawa ne wanda ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin cikin gida, yana samar da kudaden shiga da kuma damar yin aiki. Nepal, tare da shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa da manyan kololuwa, gami da takwas daga cikin tsaunuka 14 mafi tsayi a duniya, Makka ce ga masu hawa da masu sha'awar kasada. Kowace lokacin hawan dutse, ƙasar tana ba da izini ga masu hawa, suna ba da gudummawar kudaden shiga mai yawa. A wannan shekara, an ba da izini 414, kowannen farashin $11,000, don Everest kadai.
Bayanan martaba na Kenton Cool da Kami Rita Sherpa
Kenton Cool
Kenton Cool, an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1973, a Slough, Ingila, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu hawan dutse na Biritaniya. Tafiyarsa na hawan hawan ya fara ne a tsaunukan Wales da Scotland, inda ya sami sha'awar wasanni. Aikin Cool yana ƙawata da nasarori masu yawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi fice a cikin al'ummar hawan dutse.
Da nasarar hawa Everest sau 18, Cool yana riƙe da tarihin Burtaniya na mafi yawan ƙololuwa. Ƙwarewarsa ta wuce kawai kaiwa saman; ya jagoranci balaguro da yawa, yana tabbatar da aminci da nasarar abokan cinikinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Cool shine kammala "Everest Triple Crown," wanda ya haɗa da hawa Everest, Lhotse, da Nuptse a ci gaba da turawa ba tare da komawa sansanin sansanin ba. Nasarorin da ya samu ba wai kawai suna nuna ƙwarewarsa ba har ma da juriyarsa da sadaukarwarsa ga wasan.
Kami Rita Sherpa
Kami Rita Sherpa, an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1970, a ƙauyen Thame a yankin Everest na Nepal, sanannen mai hawan dutse ne. Mahaifinsa yana cikin masu hawan Sherpa na farko da suka taimaka wajen kafa hanyoyin a Everest, kuma Kami Rita ta bi sawunsa tun yana ƙarami.
Tare da ƙoli 29 na nasara na Everest, Kami Rita tana riƙe da rikodin duniya don mafi hawan dutse. Babban ƙwarewarsa da zurfin ilimin Everest ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin jagororin da ake girmamawa a cikin masana'antu. Bayan nasarorin da ya samu, aikin Kami Rita yana nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Sherpas ke takawa a masana'antar hawan dutse. Sherpas suna da mahimmanci ga nasarar balaguron balaguro, ba da tallafi mai ƙima, ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, kafa sansani, da tabbatar da amincin masu hawa.
Hanyar Kudu maso Gabas Ridge
Hanyar Kudu maso Gabas zuwa taron koli na Everest ita ce hanya mafi shahara kuma ingantaccen tsari, wanda Sir Edmund Hillary da Tenzing Norgay suka yi nasara a farko a cikin 1953. Wannan hanyar tana da fifiko saboda samun sauƙin shiga da kuma kasancewar sansanonin da aka kafa a hanya, wanda ke ba da tallafi mai mahimmanci ga masu hawa.
Tafiya zuwa Everest Base Camp (EBC)
Tafiyar zuwa saman Everest ta fara ne da tafiya zuwa sansanin sansanin Everest (EBC) , wurin da masu tafiya da yawa ke zuwa. Tafiyar ta fara ne daga Lukla, wani ƙaramin gari da za a iya isa gare shi ta hanyar ɗan gajeren tafiya daga Kathmandu. Hanyar ta ratsa ƙauyuka masu kyau, dazuzzuka masu yawa, da gadoji masu rataye a kan koguna masu ruri, suna ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na Himalayas.
Tafiya zuwa EBC yana ɗaukar kusan kwanaki 8-10, dangane da tafiyar tafiya da buƙatun haɓakawa. Maɓallin tsayawa akan hanyar sun haɗa da Pakding, Namche Bazaar, Tengboche, Dingboche, da Lobuche. Kowane ƙauye yana ba wa masu tafiya tafiya damar hutawa, daidaitawa, da sanin al'adun gida da baƙi.
Namche Bazaar, sau da yawa ana la'akari da ƙofa zuwa tsaunukan Himalayas, muhimmiyar tasha ce don haɓakawa. Wannan gari mai cike da jama'a yana ba da abubuwan more rayuwa daban-daban, gami da shaguna, cafes, da sabis na intanet, yana mai da shi sanannen wurin hutawa. Hawan ya ci gaba ta hanyar Tengboche, wanda aka fi sani da gidan sufi, da Dingboche, inda masu tattaki ke ciyar da ƙarin kwanaki kafin su isa Lobuche.
A ƙarshe, masu tattaki sun isa Gorak Shep, wurin zama na ƙarshe kafin EBC. Daga Gorak Shep, hanyar tana kaiwa zuwa Everest Base Camp, wanda yake a tsayin mita 5,364 (ƙafa 17,598). EBC ya zama wurin da masu hawan dutse ke ƙoƙarin yin taron koli na Everest, suna ba da yanayi mai ɗorewa da ke cike da tanti kala-kala, masu hawa dutsen daga ko'ina cikin duniya, da kuma yanayin jira.
Hawan Kudu maso Gabas Ridge
Hawan da aka yi daga EBC zuwa taron kolin Everest ya kasu zuwa matakai da dama, kowanne yana da nasa kalubale da kasada. Hanyar tana da jerin sansanoni, kowanne yana ba da hutu mai mahimmanci da wurin haɓakawa ga masu hawa.
- Khumbu icefallBabban cikas na farko shi ne guguwar Khumbu, mai hatsarin gaske kuma mai jujjuya dusar ƙanƙara mai tsayi tare da manyan seracs ɗin kankara da zurfin raƙuman ruwa. Masu hawan dutse suna kewaya Icefall ta amfani da tsani da igiyoyi, suna tafiya da sauri don rage haɗarin rushewar kankara. Icefall yana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarori masu haɗari na hawan kuma yana buƙatar kewayawa a hankali.
- Camp I (mita 6,065 / ƙafa 19,900): Bayan haye kan Icefall, masu hawan dutse sun isa sansanin I, wanda ke cikin Western Cwm, kwarin glacial. Wurin da ba a taɓa gani ba na Cwm yana ba da ɗan ɗan hutu, amma tsayin tsayi da tsananin rana da ke nuna dusar ƙanƙara na iya sa tafiya ta zama ƙalubale.
- Camp II (mita 6,400 / ƙafa 21,000): Daga Camp I, masu hawan hawa suna hawa zuwa Camp II, wanda ke gindin fuskar Lhotse. Wannan sashe ya ƙunshi ƙetare yammacin Cwm da zagayawa cikin ɓarna. Camp II yana aiki azaman babban sansanin tushe, yana ba da ƙarin matsuguni da kayayyaki.
- Fuskar Lhotse da Camp III (mita 7,162 / ƙafa 23,500): Hawan yana ci gaba da hawan dutsen Lhotse Face, bangon ƙanƙara wanda ke buƙatar kafaffen igiyoyi don aminci. Sansanin na III yana kan kunkuntar tudu akan fuskar Lhotse, yana ba da wurin hutawa ga masu hawa.
- Kudancin Col da Camp IV (mita 7,920 / ƙafa 26,000): Camp IV, wanda ke kan Kudancin Col, shine matakin karshe kafin tura taron. Masu hawan hawa sun huta anan a taƙaice kuma suna shirya don mafi ƙalubale na ɓangaren hawan. Kudancin Col yana fuskantar iska mai tsananin sanyi da tsananin sanyi, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yanayi mai wahala.
- Tura taron koli: An fara tura taron ne da sanyin safiya, sau da yawa da tsakar dare, don cin gajiyar gajerun tagogin yanayi da kuma isa koli da wayewar gari. Muhimman alamomin da ke kan hanyar sun haɗa da:
- Balcony: Wani ƙaramin dandali a kusa da mita 8,400 (ƙafa 27,600) inda masu hawa za su iya hutawa da canza tankunan oxygen.
- Taron Kudu: A kusan mita 8,749 (ƙafa 28,700), taron koli na Kudu taron ƙarya ne wanda ke ba da ra'ayi na farko na hawan ƙarshe.
- Hillary Mataki: Fuskar dutse ta kusa a tsaye a kusa da taron, mai suna Sir Edmund Hillary. Wannan sashe yana buƙatar hawan fasaha da kuma motsa jiki a hankali.
- Babban taron: Sashe na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi gangara mai laushi da za ta kai ga taron kolin, inda ake samun lada ga masu hawan dutse da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa da kuma jin daɗin tsayawa a saman duniya.
Kalubalen Hawan Everest
Hawan Dutsen Everest yana cike da kalubale, na jiki da na hankali. Tsayin tsayin daka, yanayin yanayi mai tsauri, da buƙatun ƙasa sun sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi wahala da haɗari a duniya.
Ciwon Altitude
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen farko shine rashin lafiya mai tsayi, wanda zai iya shafar masu hawan hawa a sama da mita 2,500 (ƙafa 8,200). Sirarriyar iska mai tsayi a tsayin daka yana rage yawan iskar oxygen da ake samu, wanda ke haifar da alamu kamar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, juwa, da ƙarancin numfashi. Wani nau'i mai tsanani na rashin lafiya mai tsanani, irin su hawan jini mai tsayi (HACE) da kuma hawan jini mai tsayi (HAPE), na iya zama barazana ga rayuwa kuma yana buƙatar saukowa nan da nan zuwa ƙananan tuddai.
Yanayi Mai Tsanani
Yanayi akan Everest sanannen abu ne mara tabbas kuma yana iya canzawa cikin sauri. Dole ne masu hawa hawa su yi fama da tsananin sanyi, da iska mai ƙarfi, da haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara. Zazzabi na iya yin ƙasa zuwa -40°C (-40°F) ko ƙasa, kuma saurin iska na iya wuce kilomita 100 a cikin awa ɗaya (mil 62 a cikin awa ɗaya). Waɗannan yanayi masu tsauri suna buƙatar yin shiri a hankali da yin amfani da kayan aiki na musamman don karewa daga sanyi da sanyi.
Bukatun jiki
Bukatun jiki na hawan Everest suna da yawa. Masu hawan hawa dole ne su kasance cikin yanayin jiki kololuwa don jure tsawon sa'o'i na aiki mai wahala, galibi yayin ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi da kewaya ƙasa mayaudari. Hawan yana buƙatar babban matakin dacewa, juriya, da ƙwarewar hawan fasaha.
Kalubalen Ilimin Halitta
Kalubalen tunani na hawan Everest suna da mahimmanci daidai. Warewa, matsanancin yanayi, da gajiyawar jiki na iya yin illa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa. Dole ne masu hawan hawa su kasance masu mai da hankali, juriya, da kuma iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci a cikin matsin lamba. Ƙarfin tunani don turawa ta matakin ƙarshe na hawan, wanda galibi ana kiransa "yankin mutuwa" sama da mita 8,000 (ƙafa 26,247), yana da mahimmanci don nasara.
Matsayin Sherpas a Tsaunuka
Sherpas yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nasarar balaguron Everest. Waɗannan ƴan asalin ƙasar Himalayas sun shahara saboda ƙwarewar hawansu, juriya, da iya bunƙasa a tsayin tsayi. Sherpas su ne mambobi masu mahimmanci na ƙungiyoyi masu hawan hawa, suna ba da tallafi, ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, kafa sansani, gyaran igiyoyi, da kuma jagorantar masu hawan hawa ta hanyar mafi kalubalen sassan hanya.
Gudunmawar Sherpas sau da yawa ba a yarda da su ba, duk da haka ƙwarewar su da aiki tuƙuru suna da mahimmanci ga nasara da amincin balaguro. Sherpas kamar Kami Rita, tare da gogewar shekaru da yawa da hawan hawa, suna misalta gagarumar rawar da suke takawa a hawan dutse.
Tasirin Tattalin Arzikin Hawan Dutse a Nepal
Hawan tsaunin yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Nepal, yana samar da kudaden shiga mai yawa da damar yin aiki. Ƙasar tana gida ga kololu takwas daga cikin 14 mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya sa ta zama wuri na farko ga masu hawan dutse da masu yawon bude ido.
Kudaden Izinin Kudaden Shiga
Gwamnatin Nepal ta ba da izinin hawa hawa na Everest, tare da kowane izini yana kashe dala 11,000. A cikin lokacin hawan 2024, an ba da izini 414, wanda ya samar da sama da dala miliyan 4.5 a cikin kudaden shiga. Wadannan kudade suna da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasar kuma suna taimakawa wajen tallafawa shirye-shiryen gwamnati daban-daban da ayyukan more rayuwa.
Ayyukan Hanyoyi
Hawan dutse yana ba da damar yin aiki ga dubban mutane, gami da jagorori, ƴan dako, masu dafa abinci, da ma'aikatan tallafi. Yunkurin masu hawan dutse yana tallafawa kasuwancin gida, daga hukumomin tafiya da masauki zuwa shaguna da gidajen cin abinci. Fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin ya zarce yankin nan kusa na sansanin Everest Base, yana ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa tattalin arzikin Nepalese.
Kalubale da Dorewa
Shahararriyar Everest kuma tana kawo ƙalubale, musamman masu alaƙa da cunkoso da tasirin muhalli. Yawan hawan hawan na iya haifar da cunkoso a kan dutsen, musamman a lokacin gajeriyar tagar hawa a watan Mayu. Wannan yana ƙara haɗarin hatsarori kuma yana sanya ƙarin damuwa a kan mahallin dutsen.
Ana kokarin sarrafa adadin masu hawan dutse da tabbatar da ayyuka masu dorewa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsauraran ƙa'idoji kan izini, ka'idojin sarrafa shara na tilas, da yunƙurin haɓaka yawon buɗe ido. Manufar ita ce adana kyawawan dabi'un Everest yayin da tabbatar da amincin masu hawan dutse da jin daɗin al'ummomin gida.
Gidan Gidan Gida na Everest (EBC) Trek
Tafiya zuwa Everest Base Camp sanannen kasada ne wanda ke ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, abubuwan al'adu, da ɗanɗano mai tsayi mai tsayi ba tare da buƙatun fasaha na hawan kololuwar kanta ba. Tafiya ta EBC tana da isa ga masu takawa na matakan fasaha daban-daban kuma tana ba da balaguron da ba za a manta da su ba a cikin zuciyar Himalayas.
Hanyar Tafiya
Tafiyar ta fara ne a Lukla, wani ƙaramin gari mai sanannen gajeriyar titin jirgin sama mai tsayi, wanda jirgin na minti 30 zai iya isa daga Kathmandu. Daga Lukla, hanyar tana bi ta ƙauyuka masu ban sha'awa, dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, da kuma haye gadar dakatarwa akan koguna masu ruri.
Maɓallai tasha tare da tafiya sun haɗa da:
- Fakdi: Tasha ta farko bayan Lukla, inda masu tattaki ke kwana don fara aiwatar da aikin.
- Namche Bazaar: Gari mai cike da cunkoso kuma babbar cibiyar kasuwanci a yankin Khumbu. Masu tafiya suna kwana biyu a nan don haɓakawa, bincika kasuwannin gida da jin daɗin ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki na Everest da kololuwar kewaye.
- Tengboche: Sanannen gidan sufi mai kyan gani, Tengboche yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa game da Ama Dablam da sauran kattai na Himalayan.
- Dingboche: Ƙauyen da ke zama wani tasha mai gamsarwa, tare da damar yin tafiya ta gefe zuwa mafi tsayi.
- Lobuche: Tasha ta ƙarshe a gaban Gorak Shep, yana ba da hangen nesa na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa a gaba.
- Gorak Shep: Matsala ta ƙarshe kafin EBC, inda masu tattaki kuma za su iya tafiya zuwa Kala Patthar don kallon gani na Everest.
Acclimatization da Lafiya
Haɗawa yana da mahimmanci don tafiya mai aminci da jin daɗi zuwa EBC. Hawan hawan sannu a hankali yana ba masu takawa damar daidaitawa da raguwar matakan iskar oxygen da rage haɗarin ciwon tsayi. Kwanakin hutu a Namche Bazaar da Dingboche suna ba da damammaki don haɓaka hawan keke, wanda ke taimakawa jiki daidaitawa zuwa tsayin daka.
Masu tafiya dole ne su kula da lafiyarsu, zama mai ruwa, cin abinci mai kyau, da kuma lura da alamun rashin lafiya. Taimakon gogaggun jagororin da samar da wuraren kiwon lafiya a manyan ƙauyuka suna ba da gudummawar ƙwarewar tafiya cikin aminci.
Kwarewar Al'adu
Tafiya ta EBC tana ba da kyawawan abubuwan al'adu, yayin da masu tafiya ke wucewa ta kauyukan Sherpa kuma suna hulɗa da mutanen yankin. Al'adun Sherpa yana da alaƙa da addinin Buddah sosai, kuma masu tafiya za su iya ziyartar gidajen ibada, su juyar da ƙafafun addu'a, da kuma shaida bukukuwan gargajiya. Karɓar baƙi na mutanen Sherpa da kasuwannin cikin gida suna ƙara haɓaka al'adu na tafiya.
Kammalawa
Rikicin rikodi na hawan Dutsen Everest da Kenton Cool da Kami Rita Sherpa suka samu na ban mamaki da ke nuna iyawar jimiri na ɗan adam da kuma muhimmiyar rawar Sherpas a hawa mai tsayi. Abubuwan da suka samu suna ba da hankali ga kalubale da nasarorin hawan kololuwar duniya, yayin da kuma ke nuna mahimmancin dorewar ayyukan hawan dutse.
Tafiya ta Everest Base Camp da hawan zuwa taron ta hanyar Kudu maso Gabas Ridge suna ba da kwarewa maras misaltuwa, zana masu hawan dutse da masu tafiya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Waɗannan abubuwan ban sha'awa ba kawai suna gwada iyakokin jiki da tunani ba amma har ma suna ba da damar haɗi tare da kyawawan kyawawan tsaunukan Himalayas da ɗimbin al'adun gargajiya na Nepal.
Yayin da muke bikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, yana da mahimmanci a gane faffadan yanayin hawan dutse a Nepal. Masana'antu muhimmin tushen samun kudin shiga da aikin yi ne, yana haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da dama ga al'ummomin gida. Duk da haka, yana kuma gabatar da ƙalubalen da ke buƙatar kulawa da hankali don tabbatar da lafiyar masu hawan dutse da kuma kiyaye muhallin dutsen.
Daga ƙarshe, labarun Kenton Cool da Kami Rita Sherpa suna ƙarfafa mu don tura iyakokin abin da zai yiwu, don girmama da kare abubuwan al'ajabi na duniyarmu, da kuma godiya ga gudunmawar ban mamaki na waɗanda suka sa waɗannan nasarorin su yiwu.
