Duration
1 Day
Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike


Trip Grade
Easy
Group Size
1-16 People
Max Altitude
1,750m. / 5,741ft.
Best Season
Feb- May/ Sept-Nov
Activity
Day Hike
Transportation
Private Vehicle
Trip Customization
On request (click here)Highlights of Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike
- An enchanting drive along the Araniko Highway towards Dhulikhel- another Nagarkot
- A peaceful upward hiking journey toward the revered hill of Namo Buddha
- Brief exploration of the Thrangu Tashi Yangtse Monastery, nearby shrines, mountains, and surroundings
- A pleasurable trekking journey to the small mystical town of Panauti- a little Bhaktapur
- An eye-cooling sight of the immense mountains, even stretching to Everest, on clear weather
- Meeting with the Newars, Brahmins, Chhetris, and many other ethnic groups of Nepal
- Easy driving and walking journey, perfectly suited for everyone at any time of the year
Trip Introduction
Kathmandu is always viewed through the lens of its famous landmarks such as Swyamabhunath, Boudhanath, Durbar Square, and Pashupatinath. But the capital has many lesser-known treasures that are still waiting for the admiration of visitors. In our endeavor to introduce you to the new Kathmandu, we bring to you our Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike.
It is a splendid one-day excursion that combines the thrill of brief overland road travel with the pleasure of comfortable and peaceful hiking through the rural scenery outside the capital.
First, our day hike to Namo Buddha Panauti trip will take you to Dhulikhel, around 30 km afar from the capital that proposes the romantic landscape along with the stunningly magical spectacle of the Annapurna (8091 m), Phuribi Chyachu (6637 m), Langtang, Gaurishankar (7134 m), Ganesh (7422 m), Lhotse (8516 m), Numbur (6958 m), Dorje Lhakpa (6966 m), Fishtail (6993 m), and even a snowy white head of Everest (8848 m).
Then, you will begin walking upward to the spiritual wonder of Namo Buddha, one of the significant Buddhist pilgrimage sites, at an elevation of 1750 meters, around 45 km away from Kathmandu.
Graced with the footprints of many gurus, masters, and spiritual leaders, this site today has transformed into the monastic complex that includes the revered Thrangu Tashi Yangtse monastery of the Karma Kagyu tradition, a retreat center, the temple of Buddha Amitabha, a monastic school and college, a school of traditional Tibetan art, and a clinic.
Namo Buddha is not only blessed with the spiritual aura, legend and history but is also bestowed with the natural environment, harmony, purity, tranquility, solitude and amazing sunlit panorama against the backdrop of Gaurishankar, Manaslu (8163 m), Langtang, Dorje Lhakpa, Cho Oyu (8188 m), Ganesh, and Makalu (8485 m).
It is therefore an ideal place for perfection in meditation and for the spiritual practice of samadhi.
Then, you will journey on foot to the medieval city of Panauti, which has preserved its ancient features and seems to invite you on a fascinating journey through the ages.
As you walk through its narrow labyrinthine streets, you will come across the timeless temples of Indreswor Mahadev, Krishna Narayan, and Brahmayani. Their every stone and every architectural detail has its own story, enough to make you fall in love with this town more and more.
As the final moments of our Namo Buddha Panauti day hike approach, you will be transported back to Kathmandu, with a delightful passage through the picturesque Banepa and Bhaktapur.
Our Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking trip is overall a spiritual and cultural journey that will take you to such landmarks that are real portals for time travel, where every street and every corner has its own unique history and story to tell.
Truly, these monuments are not just beautifully decorated structures, but they are also a few places on Earth where even ordinary people like us can reach out to our gods.
So join us today on our Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking trip, these places of power are eagerly awaiting your recognition and appreciation.
Outline Itinerary of Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike
Day 01: Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike.
Our guests sharing their experiences (Photo/Video Gallery)
Detail itinerary of Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike
Day 01: Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike.
8:00 am: Drive from Kathmandu to Dhulikhel and Hike to Namo Buddha
After you finish your breakfast at the hotel, we will come to collect you for a journey to the picturesque village of Namo Buddha elevated at 1750 m above sea level.
As we begin to depart from Kathmandu, we will travel along a smooth, asphalt road, gradually making our way through Kaushaltar and Sallahghari. The scenic Araniko Highway beside the Manohara Khola will now lead us till we arrive at Dhulikhel.
This small town is elevated at 1500 m altitude and it is the main access point to Namo Buddha from where our short and pleasurable hiking begins.
Dhulikhel is often seen as the best alternative to Nagarkot, being just 30 km afar from the capital. This hilly town boasts stunningly gorgeous views of more than 20 Himalayan summits, including Annapurna, Phuribichyachu, Langtang, Gaurishankar, Ganesh, Lhotse, Numbur, Dorje Lhakpa, Fishtail, and many more.
As we walk through its beautiful rice paddies and hills, we will be able to see the expansive views of the Kathmandu Valley and a genuine insight into the lives of the Newar people, the natives of this small town. Unlike Nagarkot, it is a real city and is also historically old.
Soon, we will meet the few hundred stone steps of Dhulikhel which will lead us to a stunning Buddha statue. From this point, our journey continues upward guiding us to a small temple dedicated to Shiva, and nearby we can also see a small Nepalese army camp as well.
As we move on upwards, slowly the Namo Buddha Hill will be seen in the distance. En route, we will stop at the small stupa square to take a breather, a good place to observe the peaceful surroundings. Now, we will have to tackle the short yet sharp ascension before we conclude our hike at Namo Buddha.
9:30 am: Visit the Namo Buddha Monastery.
Here we are at last at the grand Thrangu Tashi Yangtse monastery that stands as the most magnificent Buddhist monastery atop a high hill. This spiritual site is among the holiest in Nepal, alongside Boudhanath and Swayambhunath.
Here, we will be greeted by the large flagpole decorated with numerous garlands of prayer flags, a sight that surpasses even the magnificence of Boudhanath and Swyamabhunath.
According to the legend, it is the place where approximately three thousand years BC, Buddha Shakyamuni, in a previous incarnation as Prince Mahasattva, offered his body to a starving tigress.
The location where this event took place is situated atop a mountain, which offers picturesque views of the valley, and in clear weather, the icy ridge of the Himalayas is also clearly visible. Just below the monastery is the Namo Buddha Stupa.
We can see a small shrine that commemorates the prince’s sacrifice, a bas-relief as the prince with the tigress and her cubs has been depicted here. Numerous lamps have been lighted up in front of the stone plaque.
Nearby, at the site of the tigress’s den, another small stupa and altar can be found. As per the local custom, one must lie down on the ground as a gesture of self-sacrifice.
People are often seen hanging their pieces of cloth, hair, and other items on the surrounding trees, reflecting local customs. Do not forget to see the iconic Kathmandu Valley, and its vast green fields, hills, and mountains.
A small canteen is also available here, where monks and nuns can be seen consistently working to serve their visitors. We may also take a brief break for tea and refreshments before resuming our journey to Panauti.
11:00 am: Hike down from Namo Buddha to Panauti.
After finishing the monastery visit, we will now commence our journey to Panauti which may take approximately four hours. This small old town is situated in a side valley adjacent to the Araniko Highway.
It lies near the sacred meeting point of the Pungamati Khola and the Roshi Khola. It has a mystical aura that makes it irresistible thanks to the 40 ancient temples that it house.
Often known to be resistant to any earthquake, this town was once a very important trade hub and home to a royal palace, but today it is a peaceful village that owes much of its charm to its serenity.
To reach this magically enchanting town, we will take the path to the right of Namo Buddha, which goes down through a scenic forest and fields until we reach the village of Sanku.
Just after Sanku, the path splits: the right side continues towards Batase and Dhulikhel, while the left side winds through terraced fields leading to Sunthan and Panauti. The road is well-maintained so it will not be hard to walk.
As Panauti nears, there will be a stream an route which we will cross via a suspended bridge. The path onward will lead us through the Ghats and then follows the route that marches to the Indreshwar Mahadev Temple.
This temple is regarded as one of the most distinguished temples of Panauti which is situated at the isthmus between the two rivers. It has a spacious courtyard filled with statues. The temple is just in the middle and features a three-tiered pagoda roof.
It existed since 1294 and later reconstructed around the 15th century. The Shiva Lingam inside the temple is believed to be crafted by Shiva himself while the exquisite wood carvings decorating the windows, doors, and roof beams showcase the magnificence of the Newar craftsmanship.
There is also the well-known Brahmayani Temple that was established in the 17th century. It also has a three-tiered structure dedicated to Brahmayani, the revered goddess of the village.
Each year, during the colorful and crowded chariot festival that signifies the conclusion of the monsoon season, the statue housed within the temple is paraded through the streets of Panauti. To visit this temple, we will have to traverse the small suspended bridge that leads to the northern bank of the Pungamati Khola.
Another must-see site is the Krishna Narayan temple for which we will have to cross the river one more time. This temple depicts the incarnation of Lord Vishnu as the serene, flute-playing Krishna. Many of the shrines are adorned with stucco decorations dating back to the Rana period.
And, in the village heart, we will find several architecturally significant buildings. It also has a stage for musicians, a prominent white stupa, the Brahmayani Temple, and several traditional Newari-style structures.
Another site we can explore in Panauti is the Panauti Peace Gallery which lies in the dilapidated building adjacent to the tourist office. This museum features an eclectic collection of items, such as an ancient sword made as a walking stick, a comb made from straw, and an elephant’s gall bladder.
3:00 pm: Drive back from Panauti to Kathmandu.
After we finish our exploration of Panauti, our vehicle will be ready to transport us back to Kathmandu. We will proceed along the Banepa-Panauti-Khopasi Road for a short period, which will eventually guide us to Banepa town.
After reaching Banepa, we will pass through the ancient town of Bhaktapur, and by following the Araniko Highway, we will quickly make our way to Kathmandu.

Activity: Hike, 7-8 hours

Max. Altitude: 1,750m/5,741ft. Namo Buddha

Note:
If you have your own private group and want to make your trip private, we can run the custom trip all the day as per your requirements and group size.
Includes and Excludes
What are included with package?
- Transportation by Private Vehicle: The package includes private transportation throughout your trip. This means you will be traveling in a comfortable private vehicle, providing you with a more personalized and convenient travel experience.
- Entrance Fee for Sightseeing Places: The package includes the necessary entrance fees to various sightseeing attractions, such as temples, parks, and cultural sites.
- Experienced Tour Guide: An experienced, professional, and knowledgeable tour guide will accompany you throughout your trip. The guide will provide insights into the history, culture, and significance of the places you visit, making your sightseeing experience more enriching and enjoyable.
What are not included with package?
- Lunch and beverages: Typically not included in the package but can be purchased at local restaurants or stops along the trail. You can expect a simple local meal, such as dal bhat, and non-alcoholic drinks like tea or coffee.
Pick Your Suitable Date
Book a Private Trip
Private & Group Discount Price
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1 -
1 person
US$ 150
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2 -
2 people
US$ 100
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3 -
5 people
US$ 90
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6 -
10 people
US$ 70
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11 + people
9999
US$ 60
Total Cost:
US$ 150
Trip Information
Major Attractions of Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike
Although, the Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking trip lasts only a few hours, but within those few hours, you will see some unique culture, spiritual vibe, and architecture that you may have never seen before in Kathmandu. Among such attractions, some stand out as:
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Dhulikhel
It is a small yet very beautiful village situated almost 30 to 32 km afar from the capital on the eastern slope of the Valley. At 1500 m altitude, this village is framed by the high profiles of some of the most beautiful mountains that exemplify its beauty.
From Annapurna to Ganesh, from Langtang to Gaurishankar, you can see more than twenty Himalayan giants of Nepal in this one place. Formerly known as the trade hub, this little town has seen many improvements in the last decade.
With the ecstatic blend of modernity and history, it is far more superior to the well-known Nagarkot. Apart from the snowy pyramids, the green hills, and the vast picture-perfect panorama of the entire Kathmandu Valley add an enchantment to this town.
In one corner, you can see the sky touching buildings, while on the other, you can still see the numerous old red brick houses and structures that are intricately designed and carved with wooden windows that multiply the pure Newari architectural style.
The central square of this town has two very important temples: the Hari Siddhi temple, characterized by its triple roof, and the Vishnu temple, which is flanked by two distinct Garuda statues.
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Panauti
Panauti is yet another small town which is sacredly situated at the junction of the Roshi River and the Pungamati River. It is also believed that the current of the third unseen river that is mythologically associated with the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers of India also flows through here. Therefore, this town is considered spiritually very significant in Kathmandu.
It is home to the three-tiered pagoda-style temple of Indreswor Mahadev Temple where it is believed that the Shiva Lingam here is handcrafted by Lord Mahadev himself.
The temple is guarded by eight lions along with Nandi, the bull that serves as Shiva’s vehicle. The beams that support the temple’s roof are adorned with representations of Shiva’s various incarnations showcasing the exquisite craftsmanship of Newar wood carving.
Then, there is also the Brahmayani Temple, and Krishna Narayan Temple but the town is celebrated for its unique Jatras and festivals, such as the Makar Mela which is celebrated every 12 years when the sun transitions from Kumbha (Aquarius) to Makar (Capricorn) Rashi (horoscope).
Followers believe that bathing in the sacred waters at Triveni Ghat (the meeting point of Rudrawati, Lilawati, and Padhmawati) of Panauti can cleanse all sins and alleviate skin ailments.
Then there is also Harisidhhi Jatra, Panauti Jatra, and Nava Durga Jatra (Chariot procession) during which the town transforms into a captivating spectacle.
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Namo Buddha
Namo Buddha Monastery, officially known as Thrangu Tashi Yangtse Monastery is established to remember the pivotal event in the life of the Buddha. It is believed that he once encountered a starving tigress unable to nourish her five cubs here so he sacrificed his thigh to feed them.
This monastery thus today stands as the value of compassion and altruism, the two main elements of Buddhism. Today, it has been imparting the lesson to young monks who will eventually go on to share their teaching with other monasteries.
Standing at 1750 height, this monastery is also known for its breathtakingly enchanting panorama. On one side, you can see the snowy realms while on the other the green zone surrounds the Namu Buddha.
To reach here and to move from here to another town of Panauti, you must hike through the orange groves, rice fields, and forests, an alluring environment for the trekking adventure. Truly, an evening must be spent here to see the multitude of stars that present the celestial display rarely seen in urban areas.
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An enchanting looping route
On our Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking itinerary, you will be traveling from Namo Buddha to Panauti, which means you will be taking the loop route so you will be able to see the new landscape as you prepare to travel back to Kathmandu.
On the way down, you will have the opportunity to cross prayer flags galore, forests, rice fields, a river, and villages with colorful facades enough to leave you with superb images in your memory.
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Phenomenal Himalayan Views
As of now, only the Nagarkot and the Poon Hill Viewpoint are two major lookout destinations for tourists. However, very near to Kathmandu Dhulikhel offers you the spellbinding view of more than twenty snowy ridges including Everest, Gaurshankar, Dorje Lhakpa, Annapurna, Numbur, and many more.
And once you are on the way to Namo Buddha, Makalu, and Manaslu in addition to these mountains will also gaze at you. Thus, in just a few hours, you will make lasting memories of some of the most breathtaking Himalayan vistas known to mankind.
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Encounter with the Diverse Ethnicity
The Himalayas are the home of the Sherpas but the land of Kathmandu Valley is home to the Newars- the indigenous natives who have pretty much shaped the modern city, its valuable architecture, and its history.
Their most fascinating feature is the harmonious coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism which are seamlessly integrated into daily life. This symbiosis is visible in religious practices, temples, rituals, and even festivities.
Almost all the temples, and stupas of the Kathmandu Valley have been built by the Newar artisans. These buildings, made of brick and wood, are adorned with detailed carvings and frescoes that tell religious and mythological stories.
However, their art is not limited to temples and pagodas but has also encompassed houses, mansions, palaces, and hotels as well. During this tour, you will have an exquisite meeting with these people as you venture to Panauti.
Best Time Period for Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike
This short one-day hike to Namo Buddha Panauti is doable every day, every time, and every season of the year. Still, these enigmatic places are not only for the cultural and spiritual experiences but also for the natural surrounding views and the spectacle of the Himalayas.
Therefore, for the enriching experience that these places offer, it is best to undertake our Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking trip in the intermediary seasons of spring and autumn.
The springtime in Kathmandu extends between March and May and this is the time period when the terrain and the landscape of Namo Buddha, Dhulikhel, and Panauti are renewed with blossoming flowers, fragrant air, and the enchanting freshening atmosphere.
And as for hiking, there will be no scorching heat yet and you can easily walk and even overcome the steep upward climb to the Namo Buddha comfortably.
Likewise, the autumn/fall period extending from September through November days is another most comfortable time for our tour. This season is in fact the wonderful time when nature smoothly transitions from summer warmth to autumn coolness.
There will be fewer mosquitoes and bugs, and slowly Mother Nature will start to work its amazing show of turning the landscape of Namo Buddha and Dhulikhel into red, orange, and gold. On the other hand, the skies will be clearest blue that extends as far as eyes can see offering you the most transparent panorama of the mountains.
Winter expanding from December through the days of February is also not a bad time for this tour as the temperature around the Namo Buddha and Panauti is relatively warmer as compared to other parts of Nepal.
However, the monsoon time starting from June and extending up to the early days of September can shower the area with heavy rains, foggy days, and cloudy days. Therefore, it is wise to avoid this period if you truly want to see the full glory of these majestic places.
Are there any difficulties in the Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking trip?
Unlike other trekking and touring experiences in Nepal, our Namo Buddha Panauti day hike is a more accessible and comfortable option for participants regardless of their sex, fitness, health, and age.
This excursion is devoid of any challenges related to strenuous walking and hazardous hiking and completely eliminates the concern of altitude sickness.
However, due to its location on a hill surrounded by mountains, the climate at Namo Buddha can change unexpectedly, occasionally enveloping the area in cold mists.
Therefore, we suggest our guests prepare for these sudden drops in temperature by dressing warmly. Additionally, the steep vertical ascent to Namo Buddha and the several hundred stone steps at Dhulikhel may pose some difficulties for individuals with mobility issues or those with respiratory and heart conditions.
Thus, we recommend you consult a physician before participating in this tour if you suffer from asthma, respiratory issues, or mobility limitations. The same advice also goes for pregnant ladies as the steep uphill trek can be strenuous for them.
Who can partake in our Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike?
A hike to Namo Buddha Panauti can be easily integrated as a short excursion if you choose to extend your visit to Kathmandu. As your tour organizer, we will see to all your transportation requirements.
We will provide you with a comfortable and spacious private vehicle for your journey to Dhulikhel and for the return trip from Panauti to Kathmandu.
As for the hiking segment, the walk is quite manageable and pleasurable too that involves a short period of steep ascent to the Namo Buddha Monastery. It is thus suitable for individuals with basic endurance and fitness levels.
Families with young children capable of walking for a few hours (approximately 3 to 4 hours) can also participate in our tour. The route is always charming, and scenic that follows the paved path running through the yellow rice paddies and forests.
However, if you are traveling with infants or children under the age of five, you may need to carry them, though there are resting spots along the way to ease the journey for parents.
Additionally, elderly travelers without any mobility issues or conditions such as arthritis can also comfortably partake in this tour. So we like to invite everyone who is seeking to recharge their batteries with a unique spiritual aura to take part in this amazing one-day tour.
Is any specific preparation needed for the Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike?
This one-day tour is relatively easy and at a low altitude which means you don’t have to undergo any rigorous physical or mental training before the trip.
Anyone with basic health and fitness levels can easily take part. However, we must point out that the steep ascent to the monastery may be a bit exhausting for those who aren’t used to walking, especially for those who spend their whole day in front of a computer working behind the desk.
We therefore suggest that these people start walking twice a day, three times a week, to help their legs get accustomed to some hiking. As for preparation, please bring warm clothing, even if it doesn’t seem necessary at the start. The hill at Namo Buddha can quickly become enveloped in mist, so it’s best to be ready for any weather changes.
Accommodation and Dining Options
Please note that we will not be offering accommodation during this tour. However, if you desire, we can help you book three, four, or even five-star hotels in Kathmandu, Dhulikhel, or Panauti if you wish to spend a night in these lovely towns.
Please understand that this service will come at an extra cost. In addition, lunches and drinks during the tour will be self-catered. Along the way to Dhulikhel and Namo Buddha, you will find a variety of high-standard hotels, restaurants, and cafes, that offer plenty of dining choices.
At Namo Buddha, there is a canteen at the monastery, but the food options may be limited to items like chips, tea, noodles, and Thukpa. A budget of $25 to $30 will cover all your meal and beverage expenses comfortably.
Transportation
We will offer you private transfers during your hike to the Namo Buddha Panauti trip. We will collect you from your hotel or the location of your choice and transport you to Dhulikhel. Once your journey is complete, our vehicle will be waiting in Panauti to bring you back to Kathmandu, where we will drop you off at your hotel or any place you suggest.
Entrance fees and permits
Please kindly note that there is no need to pay any entrance fees or obtain permits to visit Dhulikhel and Namo Buddha. You are welcome to roam the town and the monastery freely.
If you wish, you can make a small donation at Namo Buddha Monastery to support its preservation. In Panauti, there is a small fee of 300 Nepali rupees per person to explore the Indreswor Temple and the museum, but we will cover this fee for you.
Travel Insurance
Travel insurance is not a strict requirement for the Namo Buddha Panauti Day hike. Many travelers take on this excursion during their free time in Kathmandu, either before or after their other trekking experiences in Nepal. So the insurance they already have is generally adequate.
However, if you specifically ask about this trip, then travel insurance isn’t necessary, as it only involves a few hours of exploration. Still, if you prefer peace of mind, you can consider obtaining insurance to cover any potential accidents or injuries that could arise during the excursion.
Essential Packing Gear for Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike
If you have decided to go on a day Hike trip in Nepal, we assure you that you will have a fantastic time ahead. But what should you pack? What will be the right gear to make your trip more fabulous? To help you with this, we have compiled a packing list of essential items that you mustn’t forget to bring along.
- Cash
- A 30 L Daypack that has room for your essentials, such as camera, clothing, water bottle, jacket, raincoat, etc, which will be carried by you
- Protective transport cover for a backpack or travel bag
- Hiking Boots: Preferably ankle-high boots to prevent ankle sprain
- Quick-drying shirts made of synthetic fabrics
- Warm and cool vests or T-shirts
- Sports Bra for Female Trekker
- Hiking shorts
- Sun hat, and sunglasses with 100% UV protection (for hiking trips, even with stray light and nose protection)
- Sunscreen lipstick with a high SPF (at least 20, for a hike trip, or at least 30, or sunblock)
- Drinking bottled water
- Wet wipes
- Hand sanitizer
- Camera with sufficient memory cards and spare batteries, or a battery charger
- Toilet paper
- Map
- Binoculars

Equipment Note:
- Plus, we will also gift you a company logo T-shirt as a token of your Hiking experience in Nepal with us.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the total fee for your Namo Buddha Panauti Day Hike trip?
The cost of each traveler can range between 100 to 200 US Dollars, depending on the total number of travelers participating in the group.
What is the total distance in km we will cover while walking from Dhulikhel to Namo Buddha?
It will be around 10 km and will take about 2.5 hours of walking.
How much distance will we cover from Namo Buddha to Panauti?
It will be around 12 km and may need around three to 4 hours of hiking.
How long will we be at Namo Buddha?
We will be for about 1 to 1.5 hours at the Namo Buddha Monastery.
Which month will you suggest for the Namo Buddha Panauti Day hike trip?
October should be the ideal month for the exploration of Namo Buddha and Panauti, as the festive atmosphere and the stunning natural surroundings enhance the experience in these regions.
Is there any special gear requirement for this tour?
No, only easy hiking boots, warm clothing, a water bottle, and a daypack will be enough.
Why should I take such a short tour in Kathmandu?
Because you should not restrict your view of Kathmandu to its monuments alone. Travelers often regard Kathmandu as a chaotic and polluted metropolis, but there is also a region within the city that provides fresh air, unspoiled nature, and a peaceful atmosphere.
What will be the total duration of your Namo Buddha Panauti Hiking trip?
The entire time duration of the trip will be around 5 hours.
Can I independently go to Panauti and Namo Buddha?
Yes, you can take the independent tour as well but it is often safe if you go on an organized trip with a guide.